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      Scale-up of a decentralized HIV treatment programme in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: does rapid expansion affect patient outcomes? Translated title: Mise en place élargie d'un programme décentralisé de traitement du VIH dans le KwaZulu-Natal rural, Afrique du Sud: une expansion rapide affecte-elle les résultats des patients? Translated title: Ampliación de un programa descentralizado de tratamiento del VIH en zones rurales de KwaZulu-Natal, Sudáfrica: ¿afecta su rápida expansión a los resultados de pacientes?

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To describe the scale-up of a decentralized HIV treatment programme delivered through the primary health care system in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and to assess trends in baseline characteristics and outcomes in the study population. METHODS: The programme started delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in October 2004. Information on all patients initiated on ART was captured in the programme database and follow-up status was updated monthly. All adult patients (> 16 years) who initiated ART between October 2004 and September 2008 were included and stratified into 6-month groups. Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were compared between the groups. Retention in care, mortality, loss to follow-up and virological outcomes were assessed at 12 months post-ART initiation. FINDINGS: A total of 5719 adults initiated on ART were included (67.9% female). Median baseline CD4+ lymphocyte count was 116 cells/μl (interquartile range, IQR: 53-173). There was an increase in the proportion of women who initiated ART while pregnant but no change in other baseline characteristics over time. Overall retention in care at 12 months was 84.0% (95% confidence interval, CI: 82.6-85.3); 10.9% died (95% CI: 9.8-12.0); 3.7% were lost to follow-up (95% CI: 3.0-4.4). Mortality was highest in the first 3 months after ART initiation: 30.1 deaths per 100 person-years (95% CI: 26.3-34.5). At 12 months 23.0% had a detectable viral load (> 25 copies/ml) (95% CI: 19.5-25.5). CONCLUSION: Outcomes were not affected by rapid expansion of this decentralized HIV treatment programme. The relatively high rates of detectable viral load highlight the need for further efforts to improve the quality of services.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Décrire le passage à l'échelle supérieure d'un programme décentralisé de traitement du VIH délivré au travers du système de soins de santé primaires au KwaZulu-Natal rural, Afrique du Sud, et évaluer les tendances des caractéristiques de ligne de base et les résultats sur la population étudiée. MÉTHODES: Le programme a commencé la distribution d'une thérapie antirétrovirale (TAR) en octobre 2004. Les informations concernant l'ensemble des patients entamant un traitement TAR ont été recueillies dans une base de données informatisée et le suivi de leur état a été actualisé chaque mois. Tous les patients adultes (> 16 ans) ayant commencé la TAR entre octobre 2004 et septembre 2008 ont été inclus et stratifiés en groupes de 6 mois. Les caractéristiques cliniques et sociodémographiques ont été comparées entre les groupes. Les taux de rétention sous traitement et de mortalité, ainsi que les nombres de perdus pour le suivi et les résultats virologiques ont été évalués 12 mois après le début de la TAR. RÉSULTATS: Au total 5 719 patients ayant initié un traitement TAR ont été inclus (67,9 % de femmes). Le nombre moyen de lymphocytes CD4+ à la ligne de base était de 116 cellules/μL (intervalle interquartile, IQR: 53-173). Une augmentation de la proportion de femmes ayant entamé un traitement TAR alors qu'elles étaient enceintes a été notée, mais aucun changement n'a été observé dans le temps pour les autres caractéristiques à la ligne de base. Le taux global de rétention sous traitement à 12 mois était de 84,0 % (intervalle de confiance à 95 %, IC: 82,6-85,3); 10,9 % sont décédés (IC à 95 %: 9,8-12,0); 3.7 % ont été perdus pour le suivi (IC à 95 %: 3,0-4,4). La mortalité a été plus élevée durant les 3 premiers mois qui ont suivi le début de TAR : 30,1 décès pour 100 personnes-ans (IC à 95 %: 26,3-34,5). À 12 mois, 23,0 % présentaient une charge virale détectable (> 25 copies/ml) (IC à 95 %: 19,5-25,5). CONCLUSION: Les résultats n'ont pas été affectés par la rapide expansion de ce programme de traitement du VIH décentralisé. Les taux relativement élevés de charge virale détectable mettent en évidence la nécessité de futurs efforts à mettre en place pour améliorer la qualité des services.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVOS: Describir la ampliación de un programa descentralizado de tratamiento del VIH a través del sistema sanitario de atención primaria en zonas rurales de KwaZulu-Natal, Sudáfrica, y evaluar las tendencias de las características iniciales y los resultados de la población en estudio. MÉTODOS: El programa comenzó con la administración de un tratamiento antirretroviral (ARV) en octubre de 2004. La información de todos los pacientes que comenzaron el tratamiento ARV se recopiló en la base de datos del programa y el seguimiento se actualizó mensualmente. Todos los pacientes adultos (> 16 años) que iniciaron el tratamiento ARV entre octubre de 2004 y septiembre de 2008 se incluyeron y estratificaron en grupos de seis meses. Se compararon las características clínicas y sociodemográficas intergrupales. A los 12 meses del inicio del tratamiento ARV se evaluó la continuidad asistencial, la pérdida para el seguimiento y los resultados virológicos. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a un total de 5719 adultos que habían iniciado el tratamiento ARV, de los que el 67,9% eran mujeres. El recuento medio inicial de linfocitos CD4 fue de 116 células/μl (amplitud intercuartil, AIC: 53 - 173). El porcentaje de mujeres que iniciaron el tratamiento ARV durante el embarazo aumentó, si bien no se produjo ningún cambio en otras características iniciales a lo largo del tiempo. La continuidad asistencial general a los 12 meses fue del 84,0% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, CI: 82; 6 - 85,3); el 10,9% falleció (CI del 95%: 9; 8 - 12,0); el 3,7% se perdió para el seguimiento (CI del 95%: 3,0 - 4,4). La mortalidad fue más elevada en los primeros tres meses posteriores al inicio del tratamiento ARV: 30,1 fallecimientos por cada 100 años-personas (CI del 95%: 26,3 - 34,5). El 23,0% tenía una carga viral detectable a los 12 meses (> 25 réplicas/ml) (CI del 95%: 19,5 - 25,5). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados no se vieron afectados por la rápida expansión de este programa descentralizado de tratamiento del VIH. Los índices relativamente altos de la carga vírica detectable ponen en evidencia la necesidad de dedicar un mayor esfuerzo en la mejora de la calidad de los servicios.

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          Most cited references76

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          Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes.

          The Zambian Ministry of Health has scaled-up human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) care and treatment services at primary care clinics in Lusaka, using predominately nonphysician clinicians. To report on the feasibility and early outcomes of the program. Open cohort evaluation of antiretroviral-naive adults treated at 18 primary care facilities between April 26, 2004, and November 5, 2005. Data were entered in real time into an electronic patient tracking system. Those meeting criteria for antiretroviral therapy (ART) received drugs according to Zambian national guidelines. Survival, regimen failure rates, and CD4 cell response. We enrolled 21,755 adults into HIV care, and 16,198 (75%) started ART. Among those starting ART, 9864 (61%) were women. Of 15,866 patients with documented World Health Organization (WHO) staging, 11,573 (73%) were stage III or IV, and the mean (SD) entry CD4 cell count among the 15,336 patients with a baseline result was 143/microL (123/microL). Of 1142 patients receiving ART who died, 1120 had a reliable date of death. Of these patients, 792 (71%) died within 90 days of starting therapy (early mortality rate: 26 per 100 patient-years), and 328 (29%) died after 90 days (post-90-day mortality rate: 5.0 per 100 patient-years). In multivariable analysis, mortality was strongly associated with CD4 cell count between 50/microL and 199/microL (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-2.0), CD4 cell count less than 50/microL (AHR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.1), WHO stage III disease (AHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4), WHO stage IV disease (AHR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0-4.3), low body mass index (<16; AHR,2.4; 95% CI, 1.8-3.2), severe anemia (<8.0 g/dL; AHR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.3-4.0), and poor adherence to therapy (AHR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.2-3.9). Of 11,714 patients at risk, 861 failed therapy by clinical criteria (rate, 13 per 100 patient-years). The mean (SD) CD4 cell count increase was 175/microL (174/microL) in 1361 of 1519 patients (90%) receiving treatment long enough to have a 12-month repeat. Massive scale-up of HIV and AIDS treatment services with good clinical outcomes is feasible in primary care settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Most mortality occurs early, suggesting that earlier diagnosis and treatment may improve outcomes.
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            Outcomes after two years of providing antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha, South Africa.

            A community-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme was established in 2001 in a South African township to explore the operational issues involved in providing ART in the public sector in resource-limited settings and demonstrate the feasibility of such a service. Data was analysed on a cohort of patients with symptomatic HIV disease and a CD4 lymphocyte count or =50 x 10 cells/l, and 81.8% for those with a baseline CD4 lymphocyte count < 50 x 10 cells/l. The cumulative probability of changing a single antiretroviral drug by 24 months was 15.1% due to adverse events or contraindications, and 8.4% due to adverse events alone. ART can be provided in resource-limited settings with good patient retention and clinical outcomes. With responsible implementation, ART is a key component of a comprehensive response to the epidemic in those communities most affected by HIV.
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              Early mortality among adults accessing a community-based antiretroviral service in South Africa: implications for programme design.

              To determine rates, risk factors and causes of death among patients accessing a community-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme both prior to and following initiation of treatment. All in-programme deaths were ascertained between September 2002 and March 2005 among treatment-naive patients enrolled into a prospective community-based ART cohort in Cape Town, South Africa. Of 712 patients (median CD4 cell count, 94 cells/microl), 578 (81%) started triple ART a median of 29 days after enrollment. 68 (9.5%) patients died during 563 person-years of observation. The high pretreatment mortality rate of 35.6 deaths/100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI), 23.0-55.1) decreased to 2.5/100 person-years (95% CI, 0.9-6.6) at 1 year among those who received ART. However, within the first 90 days from enrollment, 29 of 44 (66%) deaths occurred among patients awaiting ART; these would not be identified by an on-treatment analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that risk of death (both pre-treatment and on-treatment) was independently associated with baseline CD4 cell count and World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage; stage 4 disease was the strongest risk factor. Major attributed causes of death were wasting syndrome, tuberculosis, acute bacterial infections, malignancy and immune reconstitution disease. Most early in-programme deaths occurred among patients with advanced immunodeficiency but who had not yet started ART. Programme evaluation using on-treatment analyses greatly underestimated early mortality. This mortality would be reduced by minimizing unnecessary in-programme delays in treatment initiation and by starting ART before development of WHO stage 4 disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                August 2010
                : 88
                : 8
                : 593-600
                Affiliations
                [02] Hlabisa KwaZulu-Natal orgnameHlabisa Hospital South Africa
                [01] Mtubatuba orgnameAfrica Centre for Health and Population Studies South Africa
                Article
                S0042-96862010000800011 S0042-9686(10)08800811
                65845b84-fc8c-4534-aba5-69bca0be3e4b

                History
                : 03 July 2009
                : 09 December 2009
                : 11 December 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Research

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