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      Terminología marítima en el Lexicon, o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú de Domingo de Santo Tomás (1560) y posibles implicaciones para la historia de la familia lingüística quechua Translated title: La terminologie maritime dans le Lexicon, o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú de Domingo de Santo Tomás (1560), et ses possibles implications pour l’histoire de la famille linguistique quéchua Translated title: Maritime terminology in the Lexicon, or Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú by Domingo de Santo Tomás (1560) and possible implications for the history of the Quechua language family

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Aunque el autor de la primera documentación gramatical y lexicográfica del quechua, Domingo de Santo Tomás, en ningún lugar de sus extensas obras menciona la base dialectal y geográfica de su trabajo, comúnmente se asume que se trata de un extinto dialecto quechua de la costa central del Perú. En esta contribución, reviso los argumentos en favor de la identificación dialectal y anoto algunos aspectos problemáticos que, aunque ya conocidos, merecen ser enfatizados. En este marco, ofrezco una discusión exhaustiva del Lexicon, o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú de Santo Tomás, específicamente del vocabulario relacionado con el mar. Sobre la base de la amplia documentación de expresiones pertenecientes al campo semántico marino (referencias al mar, la vida marina, los peces, la pesca, la náutica) que se encuentra en el Lexicon, o Vocabulario..., se puede derivar que el quechua descrito por Santo Tomás se había adaptado léxicamente a un ámbito costeño. Las propiedades de las expresiones relevantes, que con frecuencia parecen ser adaptaciones semánticas de palabras quechuas heredadas a este ámbito, o neologismos, o préstamos de otras lenguas costeñas, sugieren, sin embargo, que un porcentaje significativo del vocabulario fue adicionado relativamente tarde al fondo léxico. Esto, a su turno, es una prueba que avalaría la idea de que el dialecto costeño se originó fuera de la costa. Se discute la relevancia de esta observación en relación con teorías que sitúan la cuna de la familia lingüística quechua en la costa central, las cuales harían esperar un vocabulario marítimo con raíces más profundas en el léxico.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé: Bien que l’auteur de la première publication grammaticale et lexicographique portant sur le quéchua, Domingo de Santo Tomás, ne signale nulle part dans son œuvre abondante la base dialectale et géographique de son ouvrage, il est communément admis qu’il s’agit d’un dialecte quéchua, aujourd’hui disparu, de la côte centrale du Pérou. Dans la présente contribution, nous revenons sur les arguments en faveur de cette hypothèse, tout en notant quelques aspects problématiques qui, bien que déjà connus, méritent d’être soulignés. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons une discussion exhaustive du Lexicon, o Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú de Santo Tomás, et plus précisément de son vocabulaire maritime. Compte tenu de la vaste documentation sur les expressions appartenant au champ sémantique maritime (références à la mer, la vie maritime, les poissons, la pêche, la navigation), nous pouvons déduire que le quéchua décrit par Santo Tomás s’était adapté à un milieu côtier. Dans ce vocabulaire maritime, l’on retrouve souvent des néologismes, des emprunts ou de mots qui ont un sens non maritime dans d’autres dialectes quéchuas. Cela implique qu’une partie importante du vocabulaire maritime du quéchua de Santo Tomás est d’origine relativement récente. Cette observation, à son tour, suggère que le berceau de ce dialecte se trouvait loin de la côte. Nous discutons ce que cela implique pour les théories qui situent sur la côte centrale l’origine de la famille linguistique quéchua, théories d’après lesquelles on devrait s’attendre à un vocabulaire maritime aux racines plus profondes.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Although the author of the first grammatical and lexicographical documentation of Quechua, Domingo de Santo Tomás, does not mention anywhere in his extensive works the dialectal and geographical basis of his work, it is commonly assumed that it is an extinct Quechua dialect of the central coast of Peru. In this paper, I review the arguments supporting this dialectal identification and discuss some problematic aspects that are known but worth emphasizing. In this context, I offer an exhaustive discussion of the Lexicon, or Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú by Santo Tomás, specifically the vocabulary related to the sea. Based on the extensive documentation of expressions belonging to the maritime semantic field (references to the sea, marine life, fish, fishing, navigation) found in the Lexicon, or Vocabulario de la lengua general del Perú, we can conclude that the Quechua described by Santo Tomás had lexically been adapted to a coastal environment. The properties of the relevant expressions, which often seem to be semantic adaptations of inherited Quechua words to this domain, or neologisms, or loanwords from other coastal languages, suggest, however, that a significant percentage of the vocabulary was added relatively later to the lexical stock. In turn, this observation is evidence that would support the idea that the coastal dialect originated away from the coast. The relevance of this observation is discussed in relation to theories that place the origin of the Quechua language family in the central coast, which would lead us to expect a maritime vocabulary with deeper roots in the lexicon.

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          Evidence for Direct Geographic Influences on Linguistic Sounds: The Case of Ejectives

          We present evidence that the geographic context in which a language is spoken may directly impact its phonological form. We examined the geographic coordinates and elevations of 567 language locations represented in a worldwide phonetic database. Languages with phonemic ejective consonants were found to occur closer to inhabitable regions of high elevation, when contrasted to languages without this class of sounds. In addition, the mean and median elevations of the locations of languages with ejectives were found to be comparatively high. The patterns uncovered surface on all major world landmasses, and are not the result of the influence of particular language families. They reflect a significant and positive worldwide correlation between elevation and the likelihood that a language employs ejective phonemes. In addition to documenting this correlation in detail, we offer two plausible motivations for its existence. We suggest that ejective sounds might be facilitated at higher elevations due to the associated decrease in ambient air pressure, which reduces the physiological effort required for the compression of air in the pharyngeal cavity–a unique articulatory component of ejective sounds. In addition, we hypothesize that ejective sounds may help to mitigate rates of water vapor loss through exhaled air. These explications demonstrate how a reduction of ambient air density could promote the usage of ejective phonemes in a given language. Our results reveal the direct influence of a geographic factor on the basic sound inventories of human languages.
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            Los dialectos quechuas

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              The Language of the Andes

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bapl
                Boletín de la Academia Peruana de la Lengua
                Bol. Acad. peru. leng.
                Academia Peruana de la Lengua (Lima, , Peru )
                0567-6002
                2708-2644
                July 2021
                : 70
                : 13-61
                Affiliations
                [1] Tubinga orgnameUniversidad de Tubinga Alemania matthias.urban@ 123456uni-tuebingen.de
                Article
                S2708-26442021000200013 S2708-2644(21)00007000013
                10.46744/bapl.202102.001
                6306755c-70b9-4bf0-97a7-18ed1e703f54

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 July 2021
                : 30 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 79, Pages: 49
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Artículos

                linguistique historique,philologie,lexicologie,Domingo de Santo Tomás,Quéchua,historical linguistics,philology,lexicology,Quechua,lingüística histórica,filología,lexicología,quechua

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