Many older adults and patients do not achieve sufficient nutritional intake to support
their minimal needs and are at risk of, or are suffering from, (protein-energy) malnutrition.
Better understanding of current treatment options and factors determining nutritional
intake, may help design new strategies to solve this multifactorial problem.
Medline, Science Citation Index, ScienceDirect and Google databases (until December
2008) were searched with the keywords malnutrition, elderly, older adults, food intake,
energy density, variety, taste, satiety, and appetite.
37 Factors affecting nutritional intake were identified and divided in three categories;
those related to the environment, the person, and the food. For older adults in nursing
homes, encouragement by carers and an appropriate ambiance seem particularly important.
Meal fortification, offering variety, providing frequent small meals, snacks and particularly
Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) between meals are other possibilities for this
group. Product factors that stimulate intake include palatability, high energy density,
low volume, and liquid format.
The current review gives a comprehensive overview of factors affecting nutritional
intake and may help carers to improve nutritional intake in their patients. The product
factors identified here suggest that especially small volume, energy and nutrient
dense ONS can be effective to improve nutritional intake.
Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.
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