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      Management of bladder neck stenosis and urethral stricture and stenosis following treatment for prostate cancer

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          Abstract

          The aim of this review is to examine all urethral strictures and stenoses subsequent to treatment for prostate cancer, including radical prostatectomy (RP), radiotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryotherapy. The overall majority respond to endoscopic treatment, including dilatation, direct visual internal urethrotomy (DVIU) or bladder neck incision (BNI). There are adjunct treatments to endoscopic management, including injections of corticosteroids and mitomycin C (MMC) and urethral stents, which remain controversial and are not currently mainstay of treatment. Recalcitrant strictures are most commonly managed with urethroplasty, while recalcitrant stenosis is relatively rare yet almost always associated with bothersome urinary incontinence, requiring bladder neck reconstruction and subsequent artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation, or urinary diversion for the devastated outlet.

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          Most cited references72

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          Effects of radiation on normal tissue: consequences and mechanisms.

          The use of radiation therapy to treat cancer inevitably involves exposure of normal tissues. As a result, patients may experience symptoms associated with damage to normal tissue during the course of therapy for a few weeks after therapy or months or years later. Symptoms may be due to cell death or wound healing initiated within irradiated tissue, and may be precipitated by exposure to further injury or trauma. Many factors contribute to risk and severity of normal tissue reactions; these factors are site specific and vary with time after treatment. Treatments that reduce the risk or severity of damage to normal tissue or that facilitate the healing of radiation injury are being developed. These could greatly improve the quality of life of patients treated for cancer.
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            Comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive vs open radical prostatectomy.

            Minimally invasive radical prostatectomy (MIRP) has diffused rapidly despite limited data on outcomes and greater costs compared with open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP). To determine the comparative effectiveness of MIRP vs RRP. Population-based observational cohort study using US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare linked data from 2003 through 2007. We identified men with prostate cancer who underwent MIRP (n = 1938) vs RRP (n = 6899). We compared postoperative 30-day complications, anastomotic stricture 31 to 365 days postoperatively, long-term incontinence and erectile dysfunction more than 18 months postoperatively, and postoperative use of additional cancer therapies, a surrogate for cancer control. Among men undergoing prostatectomy, use of MIRP increased from 9.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1%-10.5%) in 2003 to 43.2% (95% CI, 39.6%-46.9%) in 2006-2007. Men undergoing MIRP vs RRP were more likely to be recorded as Asian (6.1% vs 3.2%), less likely to be recorded as black (6.2% vs 7.8%) or Hispanic (5.6% vs 7.9%), and more likely to live in areas with at least 90% high school graduation rates (50.2% vs 41.0%) and with median incomes of at least $60,000 (35.8% vs 21.5%) (all P < .001). In propensity score-adjusted analyses, MIRP vs RRP was associated with shorter length of stay (median, 2.0 vs 3.0 days; P<.001) and lower rates of blood transfusions (2.7% vs 20.8%; P < .001), postoperative respiratory complications (4.3% vs 6.6%; P = .004), miscellaneous surgical complications (4.3% vs 5.6%; P = .03), and anastomotic stricture (5.8% vs 14.0%; P < .001). However, MIRP vs RRP was associated with an increased risk of genitourinary complications (4.7% vs 2.1%; P = .001) and diagnoses of incontinence (15.9 vs 12.2 per 100 person-years; P = .02) and erectile dysfunction (26.8 vs 19.2 per 100 person-years; P = .009). Rates of use of additional cancer therapies did not differ by surgical procedure (8.2 vs 6.9 per 100 person-years; P = .35). Men undergoing MIRP vs RRP experienced shorter length of stay, fewer respiratory and miscellaneous surgical complications and strictures, and similar postoperative use of additional cancer therapies but experienced more genitourinary complications, incontinence, and erectile dysfunction.
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              Male Urethral Stricture: American Urological Association Guideline.

              The purpose of this Guideline is to provide a clinical framework for the diagnosis and treatment of male urethral stricture.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Transl Androl Urol
                Transl Androl Urol
                TAU
                Translational Andrology and Urology
                AME Publishing Company
                2223-4691
                July 2017
                July 2017
                : 6
                : Suppl 2
                : S92-S102
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Urology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, University of Sydney , Australia;
                [2 ]Department of Urology, Macquarie University Hospital , Sydney, Australia;
                [3 ]Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney , Concord, Australia
                Author notes

                Contributions: (I) Conception and design: V Tse; (II) Administrative support: V Tse; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.

                Correspondence to: Dr. Vincent Tse. Clinical Associate Professor, University of Sydney, and Department of Urology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia. Email: vincent.tse@ 123456sydney.edu.au .
                Article
                tau-06-S2-S92
                10.21037/tau.2017.04.33
                5522805
                28791228
                5deaba35-441d-4a91-b003-1cfc66863947
                2017 Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved.
                History
                : 23 December 2016
                : 26 March 2017
                Categories
                Review Article

                prostate cancer,bladder neck stenosis,urethral stenosis,urethral stricture

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