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      Maternal Infection during Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorders

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          Abstract

          We conducted a nested case-control study including 407 cases and 2075 frequency matched controls to investigate the association between maternal infections during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cases, controls, and maternal infections were ascertained from Kaiser Permanente Northern California clinical databases. No overall association between diagnoses of any maternal infection during pregnancy and ASD (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92 – 1.43). However, women with infections diagnosed during a hospital admission (ORadj= 1.48, 95% CI1.07 – 2.04), particularly bacterial infections (ORadj = 1.58, 95% CI 1.06 – 2.37), were at increased risk of delivering a child with ASD. Multiple infections during pregnancy were associated with ASD (ORadj = 1.36, 95% CI 1.05 – 1.78).

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          Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology.

          Brett Abrahams, Daniel Geschwind (2008)
          Autism is a heterogeneous syndrome defined by impairments in three core domains: social interaction, language and range of interests. Recent work has led to the identification of several autism susceptibility genes and an increased appreciation of the contribution of de novo and inherited copy number variation. Promising strategies are also being applied to identify common genetic risk variants. Systems biology approaches, including array-based expression profiling, are poised to provide additional insights into this group of disorders, in which heterogeneity, both genetic and phenotypic, is emerging as a dominant theme.
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            Maternal infection requiring hospitalization during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders.

            Hjördis Atladóttir, Poul Thorsen, Lars Domino Østergaard … (2010)
            Exposure to prenatal infection has been suggested to cause deficiencies in fetal neurodevelopment. In this study we included all children born in Denmark from 1980, through 2005. Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and maternal infection were obtained through nationwide registers. Data was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression. No association was found between any maternal infection and diagnosis of ASDs in the child when looking at the total period of pregnancy: adjusted hazard ratio = 1.14 (CI: 0.96-1.34). However, admission to hospital due to maternal viral infection in the first trimester and maternal bacterial infection in the second trimester were found to be associated with diagnosis of ASDs in the offspring, adjusted hazard ratio = 2.98 (CI: 1.29-7.15) and adjusted hazard ratio = 1.42 (CI: 1.08-1.87), respectively. Our results support prior hypotheses concerning early prenatal viral infection increasing the risk of ASDs.
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              Maternal infection and immune involvement in autism.

              Paul H. Patterson (2011)
              Recent studies have highlighted a connection between infection during pregnancy and the increased risk of autism in the offspring. Parallel studies of cerebral spinal fluid, blood and postmortem brains reveal an ongoing, hyper-responsive inflammatory-like state in many young as well as adult autism subjects. There are also indications of gastrointestinal problems in at least a subset of autistic children. Work on the maternal infection risk factor using animal models indicates that aspects of brain and peripheral immune dysregulation can begin during fetal development and continue through adulthood. The offspring of infected or immune-activated dams also display cardinal behavioral features of autism, as well as neuropathology consistent with that seen in human autism. These rodent models are proving useful for the study of pathogenesis and gene-environment interactions as well as for the exploration of potential therapeutic strategies. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 176 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 7904301
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 4537
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Autism Dev Disord
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Autism Dev Disord
                Title: Journal of autism and developmental disorders
                ISSN (Print): 0162-3257
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3432
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 4 June 2014
                Publication date (Print): December 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 December 2016
                Volume: 45
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 4015-4025
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California 94612
                [2 ]Retired, formerly with Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
                [3 ]Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, The M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, and The NIEHS Center for Children’s Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Ousseny Zerbo, PhD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612. Tel: (510) 891-3524, Fax: (510) 891-5976. Ousseny.x.zerbo@ 123456kp.org
                Article
                Accession ID: PMC4108569 Pmcid ID: PMC4108569 Pmc-uid ID: 4108569 Manuscript ID: asms595101
                DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-2016-3
                PMC ID: 4108569
                PubMed ID: 24366406
                SO-VID: 5d6d101a-6167-4c7c-acf3-a2ee298bcbf6
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: Maternal infection,Pregnancy,Autism Spectrum Disorder
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Maternal infection, Pregnancy, Autism Spectrum Disorder

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