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      Current Directions in the Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation I – A Physiological Perspective

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          Abstract

          Electrical stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve (aVNS) is an emerging technology in the field of bioelectronic medicine with applications in therapy. Modulation of the afferent vagus nerve affects a large number of physiological processes and bodily states associated with information transfer between the brain and body. These include disease mitigating effects and sustainable therapeutic applications ranging from chronic pain diseases, neurodegenerative and metabolic ailments to inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Given the current evidence from experimental research in animal and clinical studies we discuss basic aVNS mechanisms and their potential clinical effects. Collectively, we provide a focused review on the physiological role of the vagus nerve and formulate a biology-driven rationale for aVNS. For the first time, two international workshops on aVNS have been held in Warsaw and Vienna in 2017 within the framework of EU COST Action “European network for innovative uses of EMFs in biomedical applications (BM1309).” Both workshops focused critically on the driving physiological mechanisms of aVNS, its experimental and clinical studies in animals and humans, in silico aVNS studies, technological advancements, and regulatory barriers. The results of the workshops are covered in two reviews, covering physiological and engineering aspects. The present review summarizes on physiological aspects – a discussion of engineering aspects is provided by our accompanying article ( Kaniusas et al., 2019). Both reviews build a reasonable bridge from the rationale of aVNS as a therapeutic tool to current research lines, all of them being highly relevant for the promising aVNS technology to reach the patient.

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          The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target.

          Crosstalk between inflammatory pathways and neurocircuits in the brain can lead to behavioural responses, such as avoidance and alarm, that are likely to have provided early humans with an evolutionary advantage in their interactions with pathogens and predators. However, in modern times, such interactions between inflammation and the brain appear to drive the development of depression and may contribute to non-responsiveness to current antidepressant therapies. Recent data have elucidated the mechanisms by which the innate and adaptive immune systems interact with neurotransmitters and neurocircuits to influence the risk for depression. Here, we detail our current understanding of these pathways and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune system to treat depression.
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            The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex--linking immunity and metabolism.

            The vagus nerve has an important role in regulation of metabolic homeostasis, and efferent vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic signalling controls immune function and proinflammatory responses via the inflammatory reflex. Dysregulation of metabolism and immune function in obesity are associated with chronic inflammation, a critical step in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cholinergic mechanisms within the inflammatory reflex have, in the past 2 years, been implicated in attenuating obesity-related inflammation and metabolic complications. This knowledge has led to the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity-related disorders.
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              The nerve supply of the human auricle.

              Knowledge of the innervation of the outer ear is crucial for surgery in this region. The aim of this study was to describe the system of the auricular nerve supply. On 14 ears of seven cadavers the complete course of the nerve supply was exposed and categorized. A heterogeneous distribution of two cranial branchial nerves and two somatic cervical nerves was found. At the lateral as well as the medial surface the great auricular nerve prevails. No region with triple innervation was found. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Neurosci
                Front Neurosci
                Front. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-4548
                1662-453X
                09 August 2019
                2019
                : 13
                : 854
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna, Austria
                [2] 2SzeleSTIM GmbH , Vienna, Austria
                [3] 3Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research , Cologne, Germany
                [4] 4Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress and Aging Associated Disease (CECAD) , Cologne, Germany
                [5] 5Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
                [6] 6Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” , Naples, Italy
                [7] 7Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
                [8] 8Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society , Zurich, Switzerland
                [9] 9Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/IMEC , Ghent, Belgium
                [10] 10Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology , Kaunas, Lithuania
                [11] 11Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split , Split, Croatia
                [12] 12Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
                [13] 13Sleep Medicine Centre, Klaipeda University Hospital , Klaipëda, Lithuania
                [14] 14Institute of Neuroscience, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Palanga, Lithuania
                [15] 15Department for Surgery, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
                Author notes

                Edited by: Marc Slutzky, Northwestern University, United States

                Reviewed by: Stavros Zanos, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, United States; James Deuchars, University of Leeds, United Kingdom

                *Correspondence: Eugenijus Kaniusas, kaniusas@ 123456tuwien.ac.at

                This article was submitted to Neuroprosthetics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience

                Article
                10.3389/fnins.2019.00854
                6697069
                31447643
                5d149c29-f690-42e6-9f1b-eb042ed283c8
                Copyright © 2019 Kaniusas, Kampusch, Tittgemeyer, Panetsos, Gines, Papa, Kiss, Podesser, Cassara, Tanghe, Samoudi, Tarnaud, Joseph, Marozas, Lukosevicius, Ištuk, Šarolić, Lechner, Klonowski, Varoneckas and Széles.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 08 April 2019
                : 30 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 245, Pages: 23, Words: 0
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Review

                Neurosciences
                auricular vagus nerve,nerve stimulation,biophysics,brain plasticity,inflammation,animal research,clinical studies

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