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      Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: From Detailed Balance Limit Calculations to Photon Management

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          Highlights

          • Thermodynamic and detailed balance calculations are provided to derive guideline for the optimization of perovskite solar cells.

          • The influence of photon management on the energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells is discussed.

          • An optimized solar cell design is proposed, which allows for realizing perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell with an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 32%.

          Abstract

          Energy conversion efficiency losses and limits of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are investigated by detailed balance calculations and photon management. An extended Shockley–Queisser model is used to identify fundamental loss mechanisms and link the losses to the optics of solar cells. Photon management is used to minimize losses and maximize the energy conversion efficiency. The influence of photon management on the solar cell parameters of a perovskite single-junction solar cell and a perovskite/silicon solar cell is discussed in greater details. An optimized solar cell design of a perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell is presented, which allows for the realization of solar cells with energy conversion efficiencies exceeding 32%.

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          Most cited references103

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          Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells

          William Shockley, Hans Queisser (1961)
          Article 0 comments Cited 1254 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells.

            Julian Burschka, Norman Pellet, Soo-Jin Moon … (2013)
            Following pioneering work, solution-processable organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites-such as CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I)-have attracted attention as light-harvesting materials for mesoscopic solar cells. So far, the perovskite pigment has been deposited in a single step onto mesoporous metal oxide films using a mixture of PbX2 and CH3NH3X in a common solvent. However, the uncontrolled precipitation of the perovskite produces large morphological variations, resulting in a wide spread of photovoltaic performance in the resulting devices, which hampers the prospects for practical applications. Here we describe a sequential deposition method for the formation of the perovskite pigment within the porous metal oxide film. PbI2 is first introduced from solution into a nanoporous titanium dioxide film and subsequently transformed into the perovskite by exposing it to a solution of CH3NH3I. We find that the conversion occurs within the nanoporous host as soon as the two components come into contact, permitting much better control over the perovskite morphology than is possible with the previously employed route. Using this technique for the fabrication of solid-state mesoscopic solar cells greatly increases the reproducibility of their performance and allows us to achieve a power conversion efficiency of approximately 15 per cent (measured under standard AM1.5G test conditions on solar zenith angle, solar light intensity and cell temperature). This two-step method should provide new opportunities for the fabrication of solution-processed photovoltaic cells with unprecedented power conversion efficiencies and high stability equal to or even greater than those of today's best thin-film photovoltaic devices.
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              Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition.

              Mingzhen Liu, Michael B Johnston, Henry J Snaith (2013)
              Many different photovoltaic technologies are being developed for large-scale solar energy conversion. The wafer-based first-generation photovoltaic devices have been followed by thin-film solid semiconductor absorber layers sandwiched between two charge-selective contacts and nanostructured (or mesostructured) solar cells that rely on a distributed heterojunction to generate charge and to transport positive and negative charges in spatially separated phases. Although many materials have been used in nanostructured devices, the goal of attaining high-efficiency thin-film solar cells in such a way has yet to be achieved. Organometal halide perovskites have recently emerged as a promising material for high-efficiency nanostructured devices. Here we show that nanostructuring is not necessary to achieve high efficiencies with this material: a simple planar heterojunction solar cell incorporating vapour-deposited perovskite as the absorbing layer can have solar-to-electrical power conversion efficiencies of over 15 per cent (as measured under simulated full sunlight). This demonstrates that perovskite absorbers can function at the highest efficiencies in simplified device architectures, without the need for complex nanostructures.
              Article 0 comments Cited 969 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Dietmar Knipp: dknipp@stanford.edu
                Yuen Hong Tsang: yuen.tsang@polyu.edu.hk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomicro Lett
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomicro Lett
                Title: Nano-Micro Letters
                Publisher: Springer Singapore (Singapore )
                ISSN (Print): 2311-6706
                ISSN (Electronic): 2150-5551
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 July 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 July 2019
                Publication date Collection: December 2019
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 58
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1764 6123, GRID grid.16890.36, Department of Applied Physics, , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, ; Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000000419368956, GRID grid.168010.e, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Stanford University, ; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 287
                DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0287-8
                PMC ID: 7770688
                PubMed ID: 34138021
                SO-VID: 5c5ca944-7187-4ca3-848b-1f9c1465cba5
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date received : 26 April 2019
                Date accepted : 24 June 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

                Keywords: perovskite solar cell,tandem solar cell,thermodynamic,photon management,detailed balance limit
                Data availability:
                Keywords: perovskite solar cell, tandem solar cell, thermodynamic, photon management, detailed balance limit

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