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      Spray Pyrolyzed TiO 2 Embedded Multi-Layer Front Contact Design for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

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          Highlights

          • Industrially viable bottom-up spray pyrolysis deposition technique was used to prepare the highly compact TiO 2 film, which is a vital element for the multi-layer front contact.

          • The optimization of the front contact is presented by fabricating reproducible and efficient perovskite solar cells

          • Multi-layer front contact is applied to realize efficient perovskite single-junction and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells, where optics and electrical effects of solar cells are studied by optically coupled 3D electromagnetic simulations.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1007/s40820-020-00559-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.

          Abstract

          The photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can be improved by utilizing efficient front contact. However, it has always been a significant challenge for fabricating high-quality, scalable, controllable, and cost-effective front contact. This study proposes a realistic multi-layer front contact design to realize efficient single-junction PSCs and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells (TSCs). As a critical part of the front contact, we prepared a highly compact titanium oxide (TiO 2) film by industrially viable Spray Pyrolysis Deposition (SPD), which acts as a potential electron transport layer (ETL) for the fabrication of PSCs. Optimization and reproducibility of the TiO 2 ETL were discreetly investigated while fabricating a set of planar PSCs. As the front contact has a significant influence on the optoelectronic properties of PSCs, hence, we investigated the optics and electrical effects of PSCs by three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite element method (FEM) rigorous simulations. The investigation allows us to compare experimental results with the outcome from simulations. Furthermore, an optimized single-junction PSC is designed to enhance the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) by > 30% compared to the planar reference PSC. Finally, the study has been progressed to the realization of all-perovskite TSC that can reach the ECE, exceeding 30%. Detailed guidance for the completion of high-performance PSCs is provided.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1007/s40820-020-00559-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.

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          Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells.

          Akihiro Kojima, Kenjiro Teshima, Yasuo Shirai … (2009)
          Two organolead halide perovskite nanocrystals, CH(3)NH(3)PbBr(3) and CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3), were found to efficiently sensitize TiO(2) for visible-light conversion in photoelectrochemical cells. When self-assembled on mesoporous TiO(2) films, the nanocrystalline perovskites exhibit strong band-gap absorptions as semiconductors. The CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)-based photocell with spectral sensitivity of up to 800 nm yielded a solar energy conversion efficiency of 3.8%. The CH(3)NH(3)PbBr(3)-based cell showed a high photovoltage of 0.96 V with an external quantum conversion efficiency of 65%.
          Article 0 comments Cited 3542 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells

            William Shockley, Hans Queisser (1961)
            Article 0 comments Cited 1254 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition.

              Mingzhen Liu, Michael B Johnston, Henry J Snaith (2013)
              Many different photovoltaic technologies are being developed for large-scale solar energy conversion. The wafer-based first-generation photovoltaic devices have been followed by thin-film solid semiconductor absorber layers sandwiched between two charge-selective contacts and nanostructured (or mesostructured) solar cells that rely on a distributed heterojunction to generate charge and to transport positive and negative charges in spatially separated phases. Although many materials have been used in nanostructured devices, the goal of attaining high-efficiency thin-film solar cells in such a way has yet to be achieved. Organometal halide perovskites have recently emerged as a promising material for high-efficiency nanostructured devices. Here we show that nanostructuring is not necessary to achieve high efficiencies with this material: a simple planar heterojunction solar cell incorporating vapour-deposited perovskite as the absorbing layer can have solar-to-electrical power conversion efficiencies of over 15 per cent (as measured under simulated full sunlight). This demonstrates that perovskite absorbers can function at the highest efficiencies in simplified device architectures, without the need for complex nanostructures.
              Article 0 comments Cited 969 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Md. Shahiduzzaman: shahiduzzaman@se.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
                Md. Akhtaruzzaman: akhtar@ukm.edu.my
                Masao Isomura: isomura@tokai.ac.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomicro Lett
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomicro Lett
                Title: Nano-Micro Letters
                Publisher: Springer Singapore (Singapore )
                ISSN (Print): 2311-6706
                ISSN (Electronic): 2150-5551
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 January 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 January 2021
                Publication date Collection: December 2021
                Volume: 13
                Electronic Location Identifier: 36
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9707.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2308 3329, Nanomaterials Research Institute (NanoMaRi), , Kanazawa University, ; Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
                [2 ]GRID grid.16890.36, ISNI 0000 0004 1764 6123, Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Center, , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, ; Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
                [3 ]GRID grid.265061.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1516 6626, Research Institute of Science and Technology, , Tokai University, ; Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Japan
                [4 ]GRID grid.265061.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1516 6626, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, , Tokai University, ; Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Japan
                [5 ]GRID grid.265061.6, ISNI 0000 0001 1516 6626, Graduate School of Engineering, , Tokai University, ; Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Japan
                [6 ]GRID grid.5290.e, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9975, Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, , Waseda University, ; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555 Japan
                [7 ]GRID grid.412113.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1557, Solar Energy Research Institute, The National University of Malaysia, ; 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
                [8 ]GRID grid.35030.35, ISNI 0000 0004 1792 6846, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , City University of Hong Kong, ; Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
                [9 ]GRID grid.168010.e, ISNI 0000000419368956, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , Stanford University, ; Stanford, USA
                [10 ]GRID grid.410356.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8331, Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, , Queens University, ; Kingston, ON Canada
                Article
                Publisher ID: 559
                DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00559-2
                PMC ID: 8187539
                SO-VID: f4cce892-f5a8-42a7-ad37-89c55f22ea53
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 6 August 2020
                Date accepted : 31 October 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                Keywords: perovskite,tandem solar cells,spray pyrolysis deposition,tio2 compact layer,optics and optimization,electrical characteristic
                Data availability:
                Keywords: perovskite, tandem solar cells, spray pyrolysis deposition, tio2 compact layer, optics and optimization, electrical characteristic

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