Polyphenols, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Biofilm Inhibitory Activities of Peel and Pulp of  Citrus medica  L.,  Citrus bergamia , and  Citrus medica  cv. Salò Cultivated in Southern Italy

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Abstract

The aim of this paper was to study the polyphenols of peel and pulp of three Citrus taxa— Citrus medica, Citrus bergamia, and Citrus medica cv. Salò—cultivated in the Cosenza province, Southern Italy, and to evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activity, performed against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pectobacterium carotovorum. Furthermore, we assessed the inhibitory effect of the extracts on bacterial capacity to form biofilm, and on the metabolic activity of the cells present therein. The results indicated that such extracts could find new potential applications in the field of natural antioxidant and anti-bacterial agents in pharmaceutics, agriculture, and food fields.

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Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids

T.P. Tim Cushnie, Andrew Lamb (2005)

Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers, tea, wine, propolis and honey. For centuries, preparations containing these compounds as the principal physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases. Increasingly, this class of natural products is becoming the subject of anti-infective research, and many groups have isolated and identified the structures of flavonoids possessing antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activity. Moreover, several groups have demonstrated synergy between active flavonoids as well as between flavonoids and existing chemotherapeutics. Reports of activity in the field of antibacterial flavonoid research are widely conflicting, probably owing to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between flavonoid structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. In addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of selected flavonoids. The activity of quercetin, for example, has been at least partially attributed to inhibition of DNA gyrase. It has also been proposed that sophoraflavone G and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function, and that licochalcones A and C inhibit energy metabolism. Other flavonoids whose mechanisms of action have been investigated include robinetin, myricetin, apigenin, rutin, galangin, 2,4,2′-trihydroxy-5′-methylchalcone and lonchocarpol A. These compounds represent novel leads, and future studies may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents.

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Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health.

Fernando Cardona, Cristina Andres-Lacueva, Sara Tulipani … (2013)

The biological properties of dietary polyphenols are greatly dependent on their bioavailability that, in turn, is largely influenced by their degree of polymerization. The gut microbiota play a key role in modulating the production, bioavailability and, thus, the biological activities of phenolic metabolites, particularly after the intake of food containing high-molecular-weight polyphenols. In addition, evidence is emerging on the activity of dietary polyphenols on the modulation of the colonic microbial population composition or activity. However, although the great range of health-promoting activities of dietary polyphenols has been widely investigated, their effect on the modulation of the gut ecology and the two-way relationship "polyphenols ↔ microbiota" are still poorly understood. Only a few studies have examined the impact of dietary polyphenols on the human gut microbiota, and most were focused on single polyphenol molecules and selected bacterial populations. This review focuses on the reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiota and polyphenols, the mechanisms of action and the consequences of these interactions on human health. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development.

G. O'toole, R. Kolter (1998)

The formation of complex bacterial communities known as biofilms begins with the interaction of planktonic cells with a surface in response to appropriate environmental signals. We report the isolation and characterization of mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 defective in the initiation of biofilm formation on an abiotic surface, polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic. These mutants are designated surface attachment defective (sad ). Two classes of sad mutants were analysed: (i) mutants defective in flagellar-mediated motility and (ii) mutants defective in biogenesis of the polar-localized type IV pili. We followed the development of the biofilm formed by the wild type over 8 h using phase-contrast microscopy. The wild-type strain first formed a monolayer of cells on the abiotic surface, followed by the appearance of microcolonies that were dispersed throughout the monolayer of cells. Using time-lapse microscopy, we present evidence that microcolonies form by aggregation of cells present in the monolayer. As observed with the wild type, strains with mutations in genes required for the synthesis of type IV pili formed a monolayer of cells on the PVC plastic. However, in contrast to the wild-type strain, the type IV pili mutants did not develop microcolonies over the course of the experiments, suggesting that these structures play an important role in microcolony formation. Very few cells of a non-motile strain (carrying a mutation in flgK) attached to PVC even after 8 h of incubation, suggesting a role for flagella and/or motility in the initial cell-to-surface interactions. The phenotype of these mutants thus allows us to initiate the dissection of the developmental pathway leading to biofilm formation.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Paola Di Donato: Role: Academic Editor

Brigida Silvestri: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules

Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules

Title: Molecules

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049

Publication date (Electronic): 13 December 2019

Publication date Collection: December 2019

Volume: 24

Issue: 24

Electronic Location Identifier: 4577

Affiliations

[1 ]Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISA-CNR), via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; fratianni@ 123456isa.cnr.it (F.F.); marianeve.ombra@ 123456isa.cnr.it (M.N.O.)

[2 ]Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, DiAAA-University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c., 83100 Campobasso, Italy; a.cozzolino@ 123456studenti.unimol.it (A.C.); coppola@ 123456unimol.it (R.C.)

[3 ]Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: defeo@ 123456unisa.it (V.D.F.); filomena.nazzaro@ 123456cnr.it (F.N.); Tel.: +39-08-996-9751(V.D.F.); +39-08-2529-9102 (F.N.)

Author information

Florinda Fratianni https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-570X

Autilia Cozzolino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-5818

Vincenzo De Feo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1070-3207

Article

Publisher ID: molecules-24-04577

DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244577

PMC ID: 6943604

PubMed ID: 31847295

SO-VID: 58aabd83-3589-46f4-8c0e-5c88b8a8e7e3

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Polyphenols, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Biofilm Inhibitory Activities of Peel and Pulp of Citrus medica L., Citrus bergamia, and Citrus medica cv. Salò Cultivated in Southern Italy

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Bacterial vaginosis and biofilm

Most cited references 39

Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids

Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health.

Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development.

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