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      Punción Biopsia guiada por tomografía para el diagnóstico de Cryptococcosis pulmonar pediátrica Translated title: Tomography guided biopsy for the diagnosis of pediatric pulmonary Cryptococcosis

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          Abstract

          Resumen: La criptococosis pulmonar es la infección pulmonar causada por el hongo Cryptococcus, infrecuente en pediatría especialmente en inmunocompetentes. El diagnóstico suele ser un desafío debido a la baja especificidad de los síntomas, bajo índice de sospecha y limitado conjunto de recursos diagnósticos. Objetivo: Describir un caso de criptococosis pulmonar en un adolescente inmunocompetente detallando el abordaje diagnóstico realizado. Caso Clínico: Paciente de 15 años, previamente sano, oriundo de una localidad rural, que consultó por tos y dolor en puntada de costado de un mes de evolución, sin fiebre ni dificultad respiratoria, con dos imágenes de condensación en base pulmonar izquierda en radiografía de tórax. La Tomografía Computada mostró que las imágenes tenían aspecto nodular. Por sospecha de patología neoplásica se completó estudio con Tomografía por Emisión de Positrones que evidenció lesiones nodulares hipermetabólicas. Las características tomográficas, podrían corresponder a compromiso fúngico o granulomatoso. Teniendo en cuenta las imágenes y los factores epidemiológicos de riesgo como el origen rural y contacto con deposiciones de aves, se consideró la posibilidad de micosis. Se realizó punción biopsia pulmonar bajo guía tomográfica. Se identificó Cryptococcus neoformans en el cultivo microbiológico. Recibió tratamiento con itraconazol y fluconazol con buena respuesta clínica y de las imágenes a 10 meses de terapia y seguimiento. Conclusión: En pacientes inmunocompetentes con una presentación clínica inespecífica, las imágenes pueden orientar el diagnóstico de criptococosis pulmonar, siendo la búsqueda etiológica fundamental para confirmarlo. En nuestro caso la punción biopsia guiada por tomografía fue de gran utilidad diagnóstica.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Pulmonary cryptococcosis is a lung infection caused by the Cryptococcus yeast. It is rare in pediatrics, especially in immunocompetent children. The diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis can be challenging due to the low specificity of symptoms, low index of suspicion, and limited diagnostic resources. Objective: To describe a clinical case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent adolescent, detailing the diagnostic approach. Clinical Case: A 15-year-old patient, previously healthy, from a rural town, who consulted due to cough and a 1-month rib stitch pain, without fever or associated respiratory difficulty, with two images of condensation in the left lung on the chest x-ray. In the Computed Tomography, the images showed a nodular appearance. Due to suspicion of neoplastic pathology, a Positron Emission Tomography was performed, which showed hypermetabolic nodular lesions. The tomographic characteristics could correspond to fungal or granulomatous involvement. Considering the images and epidemiological risk factors such as rural origin and contact with bird droppings, the possibility of a mycosis was considered. A lung needle biopsy was performed under tomographic guidance. Cryptococcus neoformans was identified in the microbiology laboratory culture. The patient received treatment with itraconazole and fluconazole with good clinical and imaging response after 10 months of therapy and follow-up. Conclusion: In immunocompetent patients with a nonspecific clinical presentation, images can guide the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis, and an etiological search is essential to confirm it. In our case, the CT-guided needle biopsy was of great diagnostic utility.

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          Most cited references19

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          Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america.

          Cryptococcosis is a global invasive mycosis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These guidelines for its management have been built on the previous Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines from 2000 and include new sections. There is a discussion of the management of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in 3 risk groups: (1) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, (2) organ transplant recipients, and (3) non-HIV-infected and nontransplant hosts. There are specific recommendations for other unique risk populations, such as children, pregnant women, persons in resource-limited environments, and those with Cryptococcus gattii infection. Recommendations for management also include other sites of infection, including strategies for pulmonary cryptococcosis. Emphasis has been placed on potential complications in management of cryptococcal infection, including increased intracranial pressure, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), drug resistance, and cryptococcomas. Three key management principles have been articulated: (1) induction therapy for meningoencephalitis using fungicidal regimens, such as a polyene and flucytosine, followed by suppressive regimens using fluconazole; (2) importance of early recognition and treatment of increased intracranial pressure and/or IRIS; and (3) the use of lipid formulations of amphotericin B regimens in patients with renal impairment. Cryptococcosis remains a challenging management issue, with little new drug development or recent definitive studies. However, if the diagnosis is made early, if clinicians adhere to the basic principles of these guidelines, and if the underlying disease is controlled, then cryptococcosis can be managed successfully in the vast majority of patients.
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            Pulmonary cryptococcosis: A review of pathobiology and clinical aspects

            Pulmonary cryptococcosis is an important opportunistic invasive mycosis in immunocompromised patients, but it is also increasingly seen in immunocompetent patients. The main human pathogens are Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, which have a worldwide distribution. In contrast to cryptococcal meningitis, pulmonary cryptococcosis is still underdiagnosed because of limitations in diagnostic tools. It can mimic lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and other pulmonary mycoses both clinically and radiologically. Pulmonary nodules are the most common radiological feature, but these are not specific to pulmonary cryptococcosis. The sensitivity of culture of respiratory samples for Cryptococcus is poor and a positive result may also reflect colonisation. Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) with lateral flow device is a fast and sensitive test and widely used on serum and cerebrospinal fluid, but sera from patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis are rarely positive in the absence of disseminated disease. Detection of CrAg from respiratory specimens might assist the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis but there are very few data. Molecular detection techniques such as multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) could also provide better sensitivity but these still require validation for respiratory specimens. The first line of treatment for pulmonary cryptococcosis is fluconazole, or amphotericin B and flucytosine for those with central nervous system involvement. Pulmonary cryptococcosis worsens the prognosis of cryptococcal meningitis. In this review, we summarize the biological aspects of Cryptococcus and provide an update on the diagnosis and management of pulmonary cryptococcosis.
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              Pulmonary Cryptococcosis.

              Inhalation of Cryptococcus into the respiratory system is the main route of acquisition of human infection, yet pulmonary cryptococcosis goes mostly unrecognized by many clinicians. This delay in diagnosis, or misdiagnosis, of lung infections is due in part to frequently subtle clinical manifestations such as a subacute or chronic cough, a broad differential of diagnostic possibilities for associated pulmonary masses (cryptococcomas) and, on occasion, negative respiratory tract cultures. Hematogenous dissemination from the lung can result in protean manifestations, the most severe of which is meningoencephalitis. There are few clinical studies of pulmonary cryptococcosis and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. The main purpose of this review is to describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary cryptococcosis to increase clinician's awareness of this diagnostic possibility and to enhance clinical management. Useful pointers to the approach and management of pulmonary cryptococcosis and the implications of disseminated disease are included, together with recommendations for future research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                andesped
                Andes pediatrica
                Andes pediatr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría. (Santiago, , Chile )
                2452-6053
                February 2024
                : 95
                : 1
                : 77-83
                Affiliations
                [1] Buenos Aires orgnameHospital Universitario Austral Argentina
                Article
                S2452-60532024000100077 S2452-6053(24)09500100077
                10.32641/andespediatr.v95i1.4816
                5651434a-dff7-43c7-8fbe-9adb95d01704

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 May 2023
                : 16 October 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Casos clínicos

                Pneumonology,Criptococosis,Cryptococcus neoformans,PET-TC Scan,Biopsia con Aguja Fina,Infectología,Micosis,Broncopulmonar,Cryptococcosis,PET-CT Scan,Fine Needle Biopsy,Infectious Disease,Mycoses

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