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      Variación del perfil lipídico durante el embarazo y su relación con las enfermedades metabólicas Translated title: Changes in lipid profile during pregnancy and their association with metabolic disorders

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción. En el embarazo se producen numerosos cambios fisiológicos en las gestantes los cuales pueden llegar a desencadenar potenciales complicaciones y enfermedades cardiovasculares o metabólicas tales como hipertensión gestacional, hiperlipidemia y diabetes mellitus gestacional. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura con objeto de evaluar la relación entre las variaciones del perfil lipídico durante el embarazo y el riesgo de padecer enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares. Métodos. Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática siguiendo las directrices del modelo PRISMA en la que se incluyeron 22 artículos. Los descriptores empleados incluyeron marcadores del perfil lipídico (HDL, LDL, TG y CT) y las principales patologías metabólicas y cardiovasculares. El idioma se restringió a español e inglés. La revisión fue llevada a cabo durante el año 2019. Resultados. Niveles elevados de colesterol total, LDL y triglicéridos durante el embarazo se asocian con un mayor riesgo de padecer preeclampsia y diabetes mellitus gestacional. Un mayor índice de masa corporal pre gestacional y una mayor ganancia ponderal se relacionan con mayor tasa hiperlipidemia lo cual conlleva a su vez alteraciones vasculares. Conclusiones. Se hace patente la necesidad de reforzar el control preventivo del peso materno trimestral y del perfil lipídico durante la gestación con objeto de prevenir complicaciones del embarazo. Son necesarios estudios centrados en determinados resultados adversos perinatales tales como la macrosomía del recién nacido.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background. Various changes occur during pregnancy that, when exacerbated, could progress to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders such as gestational hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature that evaluates the association between changes in lipid profile during pregnancy and the risk of developing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Methods. We conducted a PRISMA systematic review of scientific databases. A total of 22 articles were finally included. Used search terms consisted of lipid profile biomarkers (HDL, LDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol) in combination with the most important metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Language was restricted to Spanish and English. The review was conducted during 2019. Results: High levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides during pregnancy were found to be associated with increased risk of developing preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Higher pregestational BMI and elevated gestational weight gain were associated with increase rates of hyperlipidemia which is closely related to vascular pathologies. Conclusions. Fostering routine control of maternal weight during all trimesters of gestation and monitoring the lipid profile throughout pregnancy is necessary to prevent pregnancy adverse outcomes. New studies focused on specific perinatal outcomes such as neonatal macrosomia are required.

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          Maternal lipid levels during pregnancy and gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

          Lipid levels during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been extensively studied; however, it remains unclear whether dyslipidaemia is a potential marker of preexisting insulin resistance.
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            Associations between maternal lipid profile and pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes: a population-based study from China

            Background Dyslipidemia in pregnancy are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia, preterm birth and other adverse outcomes, which has been extensively studied in western countries. However, similar studies have rarely been conducted in Asian countries. Our study was aimed at investigating the associations between maternal dyslipidemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes among Chinese population. Methods Data were derived from 934 pairs of non-diabetic mothers and neonates between 2010 and 2011. Serum blood samples were assayed for fasting total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations during the first, second and third trimesters. The present study explored the associations between maternal lipid profile and pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes. The pregnancy complications included GDM, preeclampsia and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP); the perinatal outcomes included preterm birth, small/large for gestational age (SGA/LGA) infants and macrosomia. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were calculated and adjusted via stepwise logistic regression analysis. Optimal cut-off points were determined by ROC curve analysis. Results After adjustments for confounders, every unit elevation in third-trimester TG concentration was associated with increased risk for GDM (OR = 1.37, 95 % CI: 1.18-1.58), preeclampsia (OR = 1.50, 95 % CI: 1.16-1.93), ICP (OR = 1.28, 95 % CI: 1.09-1.51), LGA (OR = 1.13, 95 % CI: 1.02-1.26), macrosomia (OR = 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.02-1.39) and decreased risk for SGA (OR = 0.63, 95 % CI: 0.40-0.99); every unit increase in HDL-C concentration was associated with decreased risk for GDM and macrosomia, especially during the second trimester (GDM: OR = 0.10, 95 % CI: 0.03-0.31; macrosomia: OR = 0.25, 95 % CI: 0.09-0.73). The optimal cut-off points for third-trimester TG predicting GDM, preeclampsia, ICP, LGA and SGA were separately ≥3.871, 3.528, 3.177, 3.534 and ≤2.530 mmol/L. The optimal cut-off points for third-trimester HDL-C identifying GDM, macrosomia and SGA were respectively ≤1.712, 1.817 and ≥2.238 mmol/L. Conclusions Among Chinese population, maternal high TG in late pregnancy was independently associated with increased risk of GDM, preeclampsia, ICP, LGA, macrosomia and decreased risk of SGA. Relative low maternal HDL-C during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased risk of GDM and macrosomia; whereas relative high HDL-C was a protective factor for both of them.
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              Maternal lipid profile during early pregnancy and pregnancy complications and outcomes: the ABCD study.

              Elevated lipid levels during late pregnancy are associated with complications and adverse outcome for both mother and newborn. However, it is inconclusive whether a disturbed lipid profile during early pregnancy has similar negative associations. Our objective was to investigate whether nonfasting maternal total cholesterol and triglyceride levels during early pregnancy are associated with six major adverse pregnancy outcomes. Data were derived from the Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development (ABCD) cohort study. Random blood samples of nonfasting total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined during early gestation (median = 13, interquartile range = 12-14 wk). Outcome measures were pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), preeclampsia, preterm birth, small/large for gestational age (SGA/LGA), and child loss. Only nondiabetic women with singleton deliveries were included; the baseline sample consisted of 4008 women. Analysis for PIH and preeclampsia were performed in nulliparous women only (n = 2037). Mean (sd) triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were 1.33 (0.55) and 4.98 (0.87) mmol/liter, respectively. The incidence of pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes were as follows: PIH, 4.9%; preeclampsia, 3.7%; preterm birth, 5.3%; SGA, 9.3%; LGA, 9.3%; and child loss, 1.4%. After adjustments, every unit increase in triglycerides was linearly associated with an increased risk of PIH [odds ratio (OR) = 1.60, P = 0.021], preeclampsia (OR = 1.69, P = 0.018), LGA (OR = 1.48, P < 0.001), and induced preterm delivery (OR = 1.69, P = 0.006). No associations were found for SGA or child loss. Total cholesterol was not associated with any of the outcome measures. Elevated maternal triglyceride levels measured during early pregnancy are associated with pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. These results suggest that future lifestyle programs in women of reproductive age with a focus on lowering triglyceride levels (i.e. diet, weight reduction, and physical activity) may help to prevent hypertensive complications during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 8
                : 1064-1078
                Affiliations
                [3] Alcalá de Henares Madrid orgnameHospital Príncipe de Asturias España
                [1] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de enfermería Spain
                [2] orgnameGrupo de investigación CTS 367 España
                Article
                S2529-850X2021000801064 S2529-850X(21)00600801064
                10.19230/jonnpr.4008
                559eda74-0c2d-43d8-9855-7e88c130341a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 April 2021
                : 26 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                embarazo,preeclampsia,Triglycerides,LDL,HDL,lipid profile,Pregnancy,triglicéridos,perfil lipídico

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