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      Diagnósticos e intervenções de Enfermagem à pessoa com síndrome metabólica submetida à gastrectomia Translated title: Nursing diagnoses and interventions to the person with metabolic syndrome submitted to gastrectomy Translated title: Diagnósticos e intervenciones de enfermería a la persona con síndrome metabólico sometida a gastrectomía

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Introdução: A síndrome metabólica constitui-se em um dos fatores de risco cardiovascular e as estratégias para seu enfrentamento são indispensáveis para reduzir a morbimortalidade da população. Objetivo: Identificar os diagnósticos de ernfermagem e intervenções realizadas nos cuidados a pessoa com síndrome metabólica submetida a gastrectomia. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva do tipo intervenção no cuidado a pessoa com síndrome metabólica submetida à gastrectomia, acompanhada pelo serviço de Enfermagem, no período de 2016 a 2018, em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde no interior da Bahia. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de anamnese, exame físico e exames clinico-laboratoriais disponíveis no prontuário. Os dados foram armazenados em tabela única constando os dados antropométricos e os exames glicêmicos e lipídicos antes e após a cirurgia. Adotou-se como parâmetro avaliativo a análise clínica descritiva das evidências constatadas no exame físico e nos resultados dos exames laboratoriais, como parte da rotina profissional. Resultados: Traçou-se os seguintes diagnósticos: Ansiedade; Medo; Nutrição desequilibrada: mais que as necessidades corporais; conhecimento deficiente sobre a síndrome metabólica. No pós-operatório da gastrectomia traçou-se: risco de nutrição desequilibrada: menos que as necessidades corporais; risco de infecção; dor aguda e integridade da pele prejudicada. Conclusão: Após a cirurgia, houve redução dos índices que a classificava como portadora da Síndrome Metabólica. Os dados antropométricos e metabólicos demonstram que a paciente não tem mais a síndrome porque a obesidade, a alteração glicêmica e da pressão arterial foram revertidas e as medicações suspensas.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Metabolic syndrome constitutes the cardiovascular risk factors and the strategies for its confrontation are essential to reduce the morbimortality of the population. Objective: Identify nursing diagnoses and perform care for a person with metabolic syndrome undergoing gastrectomy. Methods: It is a descriptive study of type intervention in the care of the person with Metabolic Syndrome submitted to gastrectomy, accompanied by the Nursing service, from 2016 to 2018, in a Basic Health Unit in the interior of Bahia. Data were obtained through anamnesis, physical examination and clinical and laboratory exams available in the medical records. Data were stored in a single table containing anthropometric data and glycemic and lipid tests before and after surgery. The evaluative parameter was the descriptive clinical analysis of the evidence found in the physical examination and the results of laboratory tests, as part of the professional routine. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under Opinion No. 2.850.239. Results: It were traced the Nursing diagnoses: Anxiety; Fear; Unbalanced nutrition: more than bodily needs; knowledge about the metabolic syndrome. In post-operative gastrectomy were traced: risk of unbalanced nutrition: less than the bodily needs; risk of infection; acute pain and impaired skin integrity. Conclusion: After surgery, there was a reduction in the rates that classified her as having Metabolic Syndrome. Anthropometric and metabolic data show that the patient no longer has the syndrome because obesity, glycemic alteration and blood pressure were reversed and medications were suspended.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome metabólico constituye un factor de riesgo cardiovascular y las estrategias para enfrentarlo son esenciales para reducir la morbimortalidad de la población. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de enfermería en los cuidados a la persona con síndrome metabólico sometida a la gastrectomía. Métodos: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva de intervención en el cuidado a la persona con síndrome metabólico sometida a la gastrectomía, acompañada por el servicio de enfermería, en el período de 2016 a 2018, en una Unidad Básica de Salud en el interior de Bahía. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de anamnesis, examen físico y exámenes clínicos y de laboratorio disponibles en los registros médicos. Los datos se almacenaron en una sola tabla que contenía datos antropométricos y pruebas de glucemia y lípidos antes y después de la cirugía. El parámetro evaluativo fue el análisis clínico descriptivo de la evidencia encontrada en el examen físico y los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio, como parte de la rutina profesional. Resultados: Fueron trazados los siguientes diagnósticos de enfermería: ansiedad; miedo; nutrición desequilibrada: más que las necesidades corporales; el conocimiento deficiente sobre el síndrome metabólico. En el postoperatorio de la gastrectomía fueron trazados: riesgo de nutrición desequilibrada: menos que las necesidades corporales; riesgo de infección; dolor agudo e integridad de la piel perjudicial. Conclusión: Después de la cirugía hubo una reducción en las tasas que la clasificaron como síndrome metabólico. Los datos antropométricos y metabólicos muestran que el paciente ya no tiene el síndrome porque la obesidad, la alteración de la glucosa en la sangre y la presión arterial se revirtieron y se suspendieron los medicamentos.

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          The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome

          Metabolic syndrome, variously known also as syndrome X, insulin resistance, etc., is defined by WHO as a pathologic condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Though there is some variation in the definition by other health care organization, the differences are minor. With the successful conquest of communicable infectious diseases in most of the world, this new non-communicable disease (NCD) has become the major health hazard of modern world. Though it started in the Western world, with the spread of the Western lifestyle across the globe, it has become now a truly global problem. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is often more in the urban population of some developing countries than in its Western counterparts. The two basic forces spreading this malady are the increase in consumption of high calorie-low fiber fast food and the decrease in physical activity due to mechanized transportations and sedentary form of leisure time activities. The syndrome feeds into the spread of the diseases like type 2 diabetes, coronary diseases, stroke, and other disabilities. The total cost of the malady including the cost of health care and loss of potential economic activity is in trillions. The present trend is not sustainable unless a magic cure is found (unlikely) or concerted global/governmental/societal efforts are made to change the lifestyle that is promoting it. There are certainly some elements in the causation of the metabolic syndrome that cannot be changed but many are amenable for corrections and curtailments. For example, better urban planning to encourage active lifestyle, subsidizing consumption of whole grains and possible taxing high calorie snacks, restricting media advertisement of unhealthy food, etc. Revitalizing old fashion healthier lifestyle, promoting old-fashioned foods using healthy herbs rather than oil and sugar, and educating people about choosing healthy/wholesome food over junks are among the steps that can be considered.
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            Bariatric surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

            Objective To quantify the overall effects of bariatric surgery compared with non-surgical treatment for obesity. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis based on a random effects model. Data sources Searches of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from their inception to December 2012 regardless of language or publication status. Eligibility criteria Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials with ≥6 months of follow-up that included individuals with a body mass index ≥30, compared current bariatric surgery techniques with non-surgical treatment, and reported on body weight, cardiovascular risk factors, quality of life, or adverse events. Results The meta-analysis included 11 studies with 796 individuals (range of mean body mass index at baseline 30-52). Individuals allocated to bariatric surgery lost more body weight (mean difference −26 kg (95% confidence interval −31 to −21)) compared with non-surgical treatment, had a higher remission rate of type 2 diabetes (relative risk 22.1 (3.2 to 154.3) in a complete case analysis; 5.3 (1.8 to 15.8) in a conservative analysis assuming diabetes remission in all non-surgically treated individuals with missing data) and metabolic syndrome (relative risk 2.4 (1.6 to 3.6) in complete case analysis; 1.5 (0.9 to 2.3) in conservative analysis), greater improvements in quality of life and reductions in medicine use (no pooled data). Plasma triglyceride concentrations decreased more (mean difference −0.7 mmol/L (−1.0 to −0.4) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations increased more (mean difference 0.21 mmol/L (0.1 to 0.3)). Changes in blood pressure and total or low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different. There were no cardiovascular events or deaths reported after bariatric surgery. The most common adverse events after bariatric surgery were iron deficiency anaemia (15% of individuals undergoing malabsorptive bariatric surgery) and reoperations (8%). Conclusions Compared with non-surgical treatment of obesity, bariatric surgery leads to greater body weight loss and higher remission rates of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, results are limited to two years of follow-up and based on a small number of studies and individuals. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42012003317 (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).
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              Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events.

              Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular events. Weight loss might protect against cardiovascular events, but solid evidence is lacking. To study the association between bariatric surgery, weight loss, and cardiovascular events. The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study is an ongoing, nonrandomized, prospective, controlled study conducted at 25 public surgical departments and 480 primary health care centers in Sweden of 2010 obese participants who underwent bariatric surgery and 2037 contemporaneously matched obese controls who received usual care. Patients were recruited between September 1, 1987, and January 31, 2001. Date of analysis was December 31, 2009, with median follow-up of 14.7 years (range, 0-20 years). Inclusion criteria were age 37 to 60 years and a body mass index of at least 34 in men and at least 38 in women. Exclusion criteria were identical in surgery and control patients. Surgery patients underwent gastric bypass (13.2%), banding (18.7%), or vertical banded gastroplasty (68.1%), and controls received usual care in the Swedish primary health care system. Physical and biochemical examinations and database cross-checks were undertaken at preplanned intervals. The primary end point of the SOS study (total mortality) was published in 2007. Myocardial infarction and stroke were predefined secondary end points, considered separately and combined. Bariatric surgery was associated with a reduced number of cardiovascular deaths (28 events among 2010 patients in the surgery group vs 49 events among 2037 patients in the control group; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29-0.76; P = .002). The number of total first time (fatal or nonfatal) cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction or stroke, whichever came first) was lower in the surgery group (199 events among 2010 patients) than in the control group (234 events among 2037 patients; adjusted HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.83; P < .001). Compared with usual care, bariatric surgery was associated with reduced number of cardiovascular deaths and lower incidence of cardiovascular events in obese adults.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                enf
                Revista Cubana de Enfermería
                Rev Cubana Enfermer
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana, , Cuba )
                0864-0319
                1561-2961
                December 2020
                : 36
                : 4
                : e3269
                Affiliations
                [2] Salvador Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [1] Jequié Bahia orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Brazil
                Article
                S0864-03192020000400006 S0864-0319(20)03600400006
                1e528610-681f-43f3-be38-25581f6967fd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 July 2019
                : 13 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

                processo de enfermagem,obesidad, cirugía bariátrica,proceso de enfermería,cirurgia bariátrica,obesidade,Bariatric surgery,Obesity,Nursing process

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