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      The location of emotional intelligence measured by EQ-i in the personality and cognitive space: Are there gender differences?

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Emotional Intelligence (EI) is first described by Salovey and Mayer as the ability to perceive and understand emotions and the ability to use them as supports for thoughts. Despite the great notoriety of EI, its definition remains not completely clear. An operative definition of EI can be achieved by studying its connection with other individual characteristics such as gender, personality traits, and fluid intelligence.

          Methods

          The sample was composed of 1,063 Italian subjects. A total of 330 participants were employed (31.0%; 57.9% men) and 702 were university students (66.0%; 38.7% men). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), one of the most used questionnaires in literature, was used to measure EI. The exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to assess the role of personality traits (five-factor model of personality) and fluid intelligence in EI. Statistical analyses on differences between men and women means of total and subscale EQ-i scores were estimated to evaluate whether EI, measured by EQ-i, is influenced by gender. Furthermore, a Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to assess measurement invariance in relation to gender groups.

          Results

          Emotional Intelligence, measured by EQ-i, is prevalently connected with personality traits rather than fluid intelligence. Furthermore, men outperformed women in the Intrapersonal and Stress Management EI factors, and women outperformed men in the Interpersonal EI factor. No difference in the means of the EI total score and EI latent general factor did not differ between gender groups.

          Conclusion

          Emotional Intelligence, measured by EQ-i, can be conceptually considered as a Trait EI. Furthermore, men are more capable to cope with negative events and to control impulses, while women are more able to distinguish, recognize, and comprehend others’ emotions.

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          Most cited references117

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 January 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 13
                Electronic Location Identifier: 985847
                Affiliations
                Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti, Italy
                Author notes

                Edited by: Vlad Burtaverde, University of Bucharest, Romania

                Reviewed by: Ana Belén Barragán Martín, University of Almería, Spain; Gemma Filella, Universitat de Lleida, Spain

                *Correspondence: Maria Rita Sergi, mariaritasergi@ 123456libero.it

                This article was submitted to Personality and Social Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985847
                PMC ID: 9846219
                PubMed ID: 36687855
                SO-VID: 54d06e4f-a2d0-4ee4-851f-14300bbd8f00
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Tommasi, Sergi, Picconi and Saggino.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 04 July 2022
                Date accepted : 05 December 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 119, Pages: 13, Words: 11027
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: trait emotional intelligence,gender differences,personality,fluid intelligence,esem
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: trait emotional intelligence, gender differences, personality, fluid intelligence, esem

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