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      Current understanding of the interplays between host hormones and plant viral infections

      review-article
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      PLoS Pathogens
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have been intensively studied, and the emerging picture of complex mechanisms provides insights into the roles that phytohormones play in defense regulation as a whole. These hormone signaling pathways are not simple linear or isolated cascades, but exhibit crosstalk with each other. Here, we summarized the current understanding of recent advances for the classical defense hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) and also the roles of abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) in modulating plant–virus interactions.

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          Most cited references109

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          Hormonal modulation of plant immunity.

          Plant hormones have pivotal roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and reproduction. Additionally, they emerged as cellular signal molecules with key functions in the regulation of immune responses to microbial pathogens, insect herbivores, and beneficial microbes. Their signaling pathways are interconnected in a complex network, which provides plants with an enormous regulatory potential to rapidly adapt to their biotic environment and to utilize their limited resources for growth and survival in a cost-efficient manner. Plants activate their immune system to counteract attack by pathogens or herbivorous insects. Intriguingly, successful plant enemies evolved ingenious mechanisms to rewire the plant's hormone signaling circuitry to suppress or evade host immunity. Evidence is emerging that beneficial root-inhabiting microbes also hijack the hormone-regulated immune signaling network to establish a prolonged mutualistic association, highlighting the central role of plant hormones in the regulation of plant growth and survival.
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            RNA-based antiviral immunity.

            In eukaryotic RNA-based antiviral immunity, viral double-stranded RNA is recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by the host ribonuclease Dicer. After amplification by host RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in some cases, these virus-derived siRNAs guide specific antiviral immunity through RNA interference and related RNA silencing effector mechanisms. Here, I review recent studies on the features of viral siRNAs and other virus-derived small RNAs from virus-infected fungi, plants, insects, nematodes and vertebrates and discuss the innate and adaptive properties of RNA-based antiviral immunity.
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              Networking by small-molecule hormones in plant immunity.

              Plants live in complex environments in which they intimately interact with a broad range of microbial pathogens with different lifestyles and infection strategies. The evolutionary arms race between plants and their attackers provided plants with a highly sophisticated defense system that, like the animal innate immune system, recognizes pathogen molecules and responds by activating specific defenses that are directed against the invader. Recent advances in plant immunity research have provided exciting new insights into the underlying defense signaling network. Diverse small-molecule hormones play pivotal roles in the regulation of this network. Their signaling pathways cross-communicate in an antagonistic or synergistic manner, providing the plant with a powerful capacity to finely regulate its immune response. Pathogens, on the other hand, can manipulate the plant's defense signaling network for their own benefit by affecting phytohormone homeostasis to antagonize the host immune response.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Writing – original draft
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS Pathog
                PLoS Pathog
                plos
                plospath
                PLoS Pathogens
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1553-7366
                1553-7374
                25 February 2021
                February 2021
                : 17
                : 2
                : e1009242
                Affiliations
                [1 ] State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
                [2 ] Vector-borne Virus Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
                Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0258-3452
                Article
                PPATHOGENS-D-20-02145
                10.1371/journal.ppat.1009242
                7906326
                33630970
                5372523f-ab34-43b3-9e7b-3c845acb7c99
                © 2021 Zhao, Li

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Pages: 18
                Funding
                This work was supported by Transgenic Research Program (2016ZX08010-001) to YL and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grant number 31871934). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Review
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Plant Hormones
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Plant Hormones
                Jasmonic Acid
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Jasmonic Acid
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Jasmonic Acid
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Pathology
                Plant Pathogens
                Plant Viral Pathogens
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Plant Hormones
                Auxins
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Auxins
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Auxins
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Hormones
                Plant Hormones
                Gibberellins
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Gibberellins
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Biochemistry
                Plant Hormones
                Gibberellins
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Grasses
                Rice
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Animal Studies
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Plant and Algal Models
                Rice
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Signal Transduction
                Cell Signaling
                Cellular Crosstalk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Pathology
                Plant Pathogens
                Plant Viral Pathogens
                Tobamoviruses
                Tobacco Mosaic Virus
                Biology and life sciences
                Organisms
                Viruses
                RNA viruses
                Tobamoviruses
                Tobacco Mosaic Virus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbial Pathogens
                Viral Pathogens
                Tobamoviruses
                Tobacco Mosaic Virus
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial Pathogens
                Viral Pathogens
                Tobamoviruses
                Tobacco Mosaic Virus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Viruses
                Viral Pathogens
                Tobamoviruses
                Tobacco Mosaic Virus

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Infectious disease & Microbiology

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