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      Pseudomonas and Aspergillus interaction in malignant external otitis: risk of treatment failure

      case-report

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          SUMMARY

          Malignant external otitis (MEO) is a rare infection of the temporal bone primarily affecting elderly patients and diabetics or immunocompromised individuals, which may have dismal prognosis if treatment is not prompt and adequate. Almost 95% of MEO cases reported in the literature are attributed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and this pathogen is isolated from aural drainage in > 90% of cases. However, in recent years fungal and polymicrobial temporal bone infections have been reported with increasing frequency. The aim of this paper is to discuss a possible pitfall in MEO treatment using an unusual clinical case. In this patient, bacteriological data positive for Pseudomonas delayed correct diagnosis of Aspergillus infection, which was obtained after surgical debridement and biopsy of the infra-temporal space.

          RIASSUNTO

          L'otite esterna maligna (MEO) è una rara infezione dell'osso temporale che colpisce soprattutto pazienti anziani e diabetici o individui immunocompromessi, che può avere prognosi infausta se il trattamento non è rapido e adeguato. Quasi il 95% dei casi di MEO riportati in letteratura sono attribuiti a Pseudomonas aeruginosa e questo patogeno è isolato dal materiale di drenaggio auricolare in più del 90% dei casi. Tuttavia negli ultimi anni infezioni polimicrobiche e micotiche dell'osso temporale sono sempre più frequenti. Scopo di questo lavoro è discutere del rischio di fallimento terapeutico nell'otite esterna maligna attraverso l'illustrazione di un caso clinico in cui il tampone auricolare positivo per Pseudomonas ha ritardato la diagnosi della infezione da Aspergillus, ottenuta dopo un debridement chirurgico dello spazio infra-temporale.

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          Most cited references23

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          Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

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            The changing face of malignant (necrotising) external otitis: clinical, radiological, and anatomic correlations.

            Malignant (necrotising) external otitis is an invasive infection of the external auditory canal. Although elderly patients with diabetes remain the population most commonly affected, immunosuppressed individuals (eg, from HIV infection, chemotherapy, etc) are also susceptible to malignant external otitis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is isolated from the aural drainage in more than 90% of cases. The pathophysiology is incompletely understood although aural water exposure (eg, irrigation for cerumen impaction) has been reported as a potential iatrogenic factor. The typical patient presents with exquisitely painful otorrhoea. If untreated, cranial neuropathies (most commonly of the facial nerve) can develop due to subtemporal extension of the infection. The diagnosis of malignant external otitis is based on a combination of clinical findings, an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and radiographic evidence of soft tissue with or without bone erosion in the external canal and infratemporal fossa. Treatment consists of prolonged administration (6-8 weeks) of an antipseudomonal agent (typically an orally administered quinolone). With the introduction and widespread use of both oral and topical quinolones, there are reports of less severe presentation of malignant external otitis and even the emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance. Reservation of systemic quinolones for the treatment of invasive ear infections is recommended.
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              Malignant otitis externa.

              Malignant otitis externa is an invasive, potentially life-threatening infection of the external ear and skull base that requires urgent diagnosis and treatment. It affects immunocompromised individuals, particularly those who have diabetes. The most common causative agent remains Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Definitive diagnosis is frequently elusive, requiring a high index of suspicion, various laboratory and imaging modalities, and histologic exclusion of malignancy. Long-term oral antipseudomonal agents have proven effective; however, pseudomonal antibiotic resistance patterns have emerged and therefore other bacterial and fungal causative agents must be considered. Adjunctive therapies, such as aggressive debridement and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, are reserved for extensive or unresponsive cases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Pacini
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore SpA
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                December 2012
                : 32
                : 6
                : 416-419
                Affiliations
                [1 ] ENT – Ear Surgery Unit, Az. Ospedaliera Padova, Italy;
                [2 ] Audiology Unit, Ferrara University, Italy;
                [3 ] Infectious Disease Unit, Ferrara University, Italy;
                [4 ] Neuroradiology Unit, Ferrara University, Italy
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Roberto Bovo, UOC di ORL-Otochirurgia, Az. Ospedaliera, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy. Email: roberto.bovo@ 123456sanita.padova.it
                Article
                Pacini
                3552534
                23349563
                53500a45-fc3a-497d-a3aa-5a0830d8b2ca
                © Copyright by Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 27 April 2011
                : 12 November 2011
                Categories
                Case Report

                Otolaryngology
                necrotizing otitis externa,diagnosis and prognosis,aspergillus
                Otolaryngology
                necrotizing otitis externa, diagnosis and prognosis, aspergillus

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