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      Hidrocefalia normotensa. Presentación de un caso Translated title: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Case Presentation

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          Abstract

          La hidrocefalia normotensa, también conocida como hidrocefalia crónica del adulto, se produce habitualmente en personas mayores debido a un aumento de líquido cefalorraquídeo en las cavidades cerebrales, sin que por lo general se produzca un aumento de la presión intracraneal, pero que puede llegar a dañar el cerebro. Por tales razones se presenta el caso de una paciente de 67 años de edad, mestiza, casada, fumadora inveterada que comenzó a sufrir caídas frecuentes sin causa aparente, apraxia a la marcha, trastornos esfinterianos y perseverancia. Luego de visitar varias especialidades durante un periodo de cuatro años, sin encontrar diagnóstico, acudió a consulta de neurología refiriendo empeoramiento de los trastornos de la marcha, trastornos esfinterianos y caídas muy frecuentes. Se inició protocolo de investigación por sospecha clínica de hidrocefalia normotensa, que fue constatada por tomografía axial computarizada simple de cráneo, mediante la que se observó dilatación del tercer ventrículo sin visualizar el cuarto, con circunvoluciones y surcos borrados. Mediante resonancia magnética nuclear se comprobó la hidrocefalia. Se realizó ingreso con tratamiento médico y quirúrgico. Se seleccionó la válvula adecuada en base a las características hidrodinámicas del sistema derivativo. Se logró la corrección de la hidrocelafia normotensa. Esta presentación tiene por objetivo actualizar los aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos de esta entidad gnoseológica.

          Translated abstract

          Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, also known as Adult Chronic Hydrocephalus is usually produced in elder people due to an increase of cerebrospinal fluid in brain cavities, in general without an increase of intracranial pressure, but which can damage the brain. For such reasons, the case of a 67 year old mestizo, married patient is presented. She is an inveterate smoker who started suffering frequent falls without apparent cause, motor apraxia, sphincter disorders and perseverance. After consulting various specialties during a period of four years without diagnosis, she came to the Neurology consultation office reporting a deterioration of walking disturbances, sphincter disorders and very frequent falls. A research protocol was started due to the clinical suspect of normal pressure hydrocephalus which was confirmed by simple CT scan. It showed a dilation of the third ventricle without visualizing the fourth with effacement of convolutions and furrows. Through a Magnetic Resonance hydrocephalus was corroborated. She was admitted was medical and surgical treatment. An adequate valve was selected considering the hydrodynamic characteristics of the derivative system. Normal pressure hydrocephalus was corrected. This presentation is aimed at updating clinical diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this gnoseological entity.

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          Most cited references29

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          Comparative analysis of the gait disorder of normal pressure hydrocephalus and Parkinson's disease.

          Comparative gait analyses in neurological diseases interfering with locomotion are of particular interest, as many hypokinetic gait disorders have the same main features. The aim of the present study was (1) to compare the gait disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus and Parkinson's disease; (2) to evaluate which variables of the disturbed gait pattern respond to specific treatment in both diseases; and (3) to assess the responsiveness to visual and acoustic cues for gait improvement. In study 1 gait analysis was carried out on 11 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, 10 patients with Parkinson's disease, and 12 age matched healthy control subjects, on a walkway and on a treadmill. In study 2, patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus were reinvestigated after removal of 30 ml CSF, and patients with Parkinson's disease after administration of 150 mg levodopa. In part 3 visual cues were provided as stripes fixed on the walkway and acoustic cues as beats of a metronome. The gait disorder in both diseases shared the feature of a reduced gait velocity, due to a diminished and highly variable stride length. Specific features of the gait disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus were a broad based gait pattern with outward rotated feet and a diminished height of the steps. After treatment in both diseases, the speed increased, due to an enlarged stride length, now presenting a lower variability. All other gait variables remained unaffected. External cues only mildly improved gait in normal pressure hydrocephalus, whereas they were highly effective in raising the stride length and cadence in Parkinson's disease. The gait pattern in normal pressure hydrocephalus is clearly distinguishable from the gait of Parkinson's disease. As well as the basal ganglia output connections, other pathways and structures most likely in the frontal lobes are responsible for the gait pattern and especially the disturbed dynamic equilibrium in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Hypokinesia and its responsiveness to external cues in both diseases are assumed to be an expression of a disturbed motor planning.
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            Prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in Spanish populations: A reanalysis of dementia prevalence surveys, 1990-2008

            Background This study describes the prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in Spanish elderly. Methods We identified screening surveys, both published and unpublished, in Spanish populations, which fulfilled specific quality criteria and targeted prevalence of dementia in populations aged 70 years and above. Surveys covering 13 geographically different populations were selected (prevalence period: 1990-2008). Authors of original surveys provided methodological details of their studies through a systematic questionnaire and also raw age-specific data. Prevalence data were compared using direct adjustment and logistic regression. Results The reanalyzed study population (aged 70 year and above) was composed of Central and North-Eastern Spanish sub-populations obtained from 9 surveys and totaled 12,232 persons and 1,194 cases of dementia (707 of Alzheimer's disease, 238 of vascular dementia). Results showed high variation in age- and sex-specific prevalence across studies. The reanalyzed prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in women; increased with age, particularly for Alzheimer's disease; and displayed a significant geographical variation among men. Prevalence was lowest in surveys reporting participation below 85%, studies referred to urban-mixed populations and populations diagnosed by psychiatrists. Conclusion Prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Central and North-Eastern Spain is higher in females, increases with age, and displays considerable geographic variation that may be method-related. People suffering from dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Spain may approach 600,000 and 400,000 respectively. However, existing studies may not be completely appropriate to infer prevalence of dementia and its subtypes in Spain until surveys in Southern Spain are conducted.
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              The physics of the cranial cavity, hydrocephalus and normal pressure hydrocephalus: mechanical interpretation and mathematical model.

              It is intended for this research, to provide some basis for the understanding of the rational mechanics of the cranial content. There are many interesting and controversial facts derived from the experimental and clinical-pathological observations of hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure. For instance, in some patients a moderate increase of intracranial pressure is accompanied by hydrocephalus and mental changes, while in others, with high intracranial pressure, the ventricles and mental functions remain unaltered. What then is the parameter that changes the size of the ventricles and impairs brain function? It is shown how the transmission of intraventricular pressure throughout the brain parenchyma creates a stress distribution that varies in magnitude; how during the production, maintenance, and reversal of hydrocephalus, and normal pressure hydrocephalus the stress is distributed throughout the brain; and how in the presence of a sudden increase of intracranial pressure nature has arranged additional mechanisms for protecting the brain. It is important to recognize that some aspects of intracranial physiopathology can be explained through classical concepts of physics, prior to attempting to interpret such processes solely in terms of biological or auto-regulatory phenomena.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ms
                MediSur
                Medisur
                Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos, Centro Provincial de Ciencias Médicas, Provincia de Cienfuegos. (Cienfuegos, , Cuba )
                1727-897X
                February 2017
                : 15
                : 1
                : 113-119
                Affiliations
                [01] Cienfuegos Cienfuegos orgnameDireccion Provincial de Salud Cuba
                [02] Cienfuegos Cienfuegos orgnameHospital General Universitario Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Cuba
                Article
                S1727-897X2017000100015 S1727-897X(17)01500100015
                534161d9-e40a-4a8d-ba75-14bf929ac8a9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 January 2017
                : 23 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                Presentaciones de Casos

                diagnóstico clínico,presentación de caso,tomografía,hidrocéfalo normotenso,case report,tomography,clinical diagnosis,hydrocephalus, normal pressure

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