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      Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Organic Acids on Performance, Intestinal Histomorphology, and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chicken

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          Abstract

          The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on the performance, intestinal histomorphology, and blood biochemistry of broiler chicken. The birds in the control (T 1) group were fed the basal diet whereas in other treatment groups basal diet was supplemented with 2% butyric acid (T 2), 3% butyric acid (T 4), 2% fumaric acid (T 4), 3% fumaric acid (T 5), 2% lactic acid (T 6), and 3% lactic acid (T 7). Broiler chicken fed diets supplemented with organic acids had significantly ( P < .05) improved body weight gains and feed conversion ratio. No effect ( P < .05) on cumulative feed consumption was observed. The addition of organic increased villus height in the small intestines but the differences were not significant ( P < .05) in case of the ileum. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations were increased ( P < .05) but no effect ( P < .05) on the concentration of serum glucose and cholesterol, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) was observed. The results indicated that the organic acid supplementation, irrespective of type and level of acid used, had a beneficial effect on the performance of broiler chicken.

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          Perspectives on the use of organic acids and short chain fatty acids as antimicrobials.

          SC Ricke (2003)
          Organic acids have a long history of being utilized as food additives and preservatives for preventing food deterioration and extending the shelf life of perishable food ingredients. Specific organic acids have also been used to control microbial contamination and dissemination of foodborne pathogens in preharvest and postharvest food production and processing. The antibacterial mechanism(s) for organic acids are not fully understood, and activity may vary depending on physiological status of the organism and the physicochemical characteristics of the external environment. An emerging potential problem is that organic acids have been observed to enhance survivability of acid sensitive pathogens exposed to low pH by induction of an acid tolerance response and that acid tolerance may be linked to increased virulence. Although this situation has implications regarding the use of organic acids, it may only apply to circumstances in which reduced acid levels have induced resistance and virulence mechanisms in exposed organisms. Evaluating effectiveness of organic acids for specific applications requires more understanding general and specific stress response capabilities of foodborne pathogens. Development and application of molecular tools to study pathogen behavior in preharvest and postharvest food production environments will enable dissection of specific bacterial genetic regulation involved in response to organic acids. This could lead to the development of more targeted strategies to control foodborne pathogens with organic acids.
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            Intestinal short-chain fatty acids alter Salmonella typhimurium invasion gene expression and virulence through BarA/SirA.

            Craig Altier, Lydia R Maurer, M. Suyemoto … (2002)
            Salmonella typhimurium causes enteric and systemic disease by invading the intestinal epithelium of the distal ileum, a process requiring the invasion genes of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). BarA, a sensor kinase postulated to interact with the response regulator SirA, is required for the expression of SPI-1 invasion genes. We found, however, that a barA null mutation had little effect on virulence using the mouse model for septicaemia. This confounding result led us to seek environmental signals present in the distal ileum that might supplant the need for BarA. We found that acetate restored the expression of invasion genes in the barA mutant, but had no effect on a sirA mutant. Acetate had its effect only at a pH that allowed its accumulation within the bacterial cytoplasm and not with the deletion of ackA and pta, the two genes required to produce acetyl-phosphate. These results suggest that the rising concentration of acetate in the distal ileum provides a signal for invasion gene expression by the production of acetyl-phosphate in the bacterial cytoplasm, a pathway that bypasses barA. We also found that a Delta(ackA-pta) mutation alone had no effect on virulence but, in combination with Delta(barA), it increased the oral LD50 24-fold. Thus, the combined loss of the BarA- and acetate-dependent pathways is required to reduce virulence. Two other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), propionate and butyrate, present in high concentrations in the caecum and colon, had effects opposite to those of acetate: neither restored invasion gene expression in the barA mutant, and both, in fact, reduced expression in the wild-type strain. Further, a combination of SCFAs found in the distal ileum restored invasion gene expression in the barA mutant, whereas colonic conditions failed to do so and also reduced expression in the wild-type strain. These results suggest that the concentration and composition of SCFAs in the distal ileum provide a signal for productive infection by Salmonella, whereas those of the large intestine inhibit invasion.
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              Use of Organic Acids as a Model to Study the Impact of Gut Microflora on Nutrition and Metabolism1

              J. Dibner, P Buttin (2002)
              Article 0 comments Cited 115 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Med Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VMI
                Title: Veterinary Medicine International
                Publisher: SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research
                ISSN (Electronic): 2042-0048
                Publication date Collection: 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2010
                Volume: 2010
                Electronic Location Identifier: 479485
                Affiliations
                1Department of Livestock Production and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir, Alusteng 190006, India
                2Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, Alusteng 190006, India
                3Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, Alusteng 190006, India
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Frank Pasmans

                Article
                DOI: 10.4061/2010/479485
                PMC ID: 2896631
                PubMed ID: 20613998
                SO-VID: 51a32abf-8320-4b28-88e8-71d52c209b89
                Copyright © Copyright © 2010 Sheikh Adil et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 16 February 2010
                Date accepted : 11 April 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

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