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      A Review on Macroscale and Microscale Cell Lysis Methods

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          Abstract

          The lysis of cells in order to extract the nucleic acids or proteins inside it is a crucial unit operation in biomolecular analysis. This paper presents a critical evaluation of the various methods that are available both in the macro and micro scale for cell lysis. Various types of cells, the structure of their membranes are discussed initially. Then, various methods that are currently used to lyse cells in the macroscale are discussed and compared. Subsequently, popular methods for micro scale cell lysis and different microfluidic devices used are detailed with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a comparison of different techniques used in microfluidics platform has been presented which will be helpful to select method for a particular application.

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          Physics and applications of microfluidics in biology.

          David J Beebe, Glennys Mensing, Glenn Walker (2002)
          Fluid flow at the microscale exhibits unique phenomena that can be leveraged to fabricate devices and components capable of performing functions useful for biological studies. The physics of importance to microfluidics are reviewed. Common methods of fabricating microfluidic devices and systems are described. Components, including valves, mixers, and pumps, capable of controlling fluid flow by utilizing the physics of the microscale are presented. Techniques for sensing flow characteristics are described and examples of devices and systems that perform bioanalysis are presented. The focus of this review is microscale phenomena and the use of the physics of the scale to create devices and systems that provide functionality useful to the life sciences.
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            Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms: requirements, characteristics and applications.

            Daniel Mark, Stefan Haeberle, Günter Roth … (2010)
            This critical review summarizes developments in microfluidic platforms that enable the miniaturization, integration, automation and parallelization of (bio-)chemical assays (see S. Haeberle and R. Zengerle, Lab Chip, 2007, 7, 1094-1110, for an earlier review). In contrast to isolated application-specific solutions, a microfluidic platform provides a set of fluidic unit operations, which are designed for easy combination within a well-defined fabrication technology. This allows the easy, fast, and cost-efficient implementation of different application-specific (bio-)chemical processes. In our review we focus on recent developments from the last decade (2000s). We start with a brief introduction into technical advances, major market segments and promising applications. We continue with a detailed characterization of different microfluidic platforms, comprising a short definition, the functional principle, microfluidic unit operations, application examples as well as strengths and limitations of every platform. The microfluidic platforms in focus are lateral flow tests, linear actuated devices, pressure driven laminar flow, microfluidic large scale integration, segmented flow microfluidics, centrifugal microfluidics, electrokinetics, electrowetting, surface acoustic waves, and dedicated systems for massively parallel analysis. This review concludes with the attempt to provide a selection scheme for microfluidic platforms which is based on their characteristics according to key requirements of different applications and market segments. Applied selection criteria comprise portability, costs of instrument and disposability, sample throughput, number of parameters per sample, reagent consumption, precision, diversity of microfluidic unit operations and the flexibility in programming different liquid handling protocols (295 references).
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              An integrated nanoliter DNA analysis device.

              M A Burns, B Johnson, S N Brahmasandra … (1998)
              A device was developed that uses microfabricated fluidic channels, heaters, temperature sensors, and fluorescence detectors to analyze nanoliter-size DNA samples. The device is capable of measuring aqueous reagent and DNA-containing solutions, mixing the solutions together, amplifying or digesting the DNA to form discrete products, and separating and detecting those products. No external lenses, heaters, or mechanical pumps are necessary for complete sample processing and analysis. Because all of the components are made using conventional photolithographic production techniques, they operate as a single closed system. The components have the potential for assembly into complex, low-power, integrated analysis systems at low unit cost. The availability of portable, reliable instruments may facilitate the use of DNA analysis in applications such as rapid medical diagnostics and point-of-use agricultural testing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Aaron T. Ohta: Role: Academic Editor
                Wenqi Hu: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Micromachines (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Micromachines (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): micromachines
                Title: Micromachines
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-666X
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: March 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 83
                Affiliations
                Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada; shehadul.islam@ 123456gmail.com (M.S.I.); aryasoma@ 123456mcmaster.ca (A.A.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: selvaga@ 123456mcmaster.ca ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 27435)
                Article
                Publisher ID: micromachines-08-00083
                DOI: 10.3390/mi8030083
                PMC ID: 6190294
                SO-VID: 5166b60a-be8f-47e0-a373-c191ff2e9ed3
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 21 January 2017
                Date accepted : 03 March 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: cell lysis,cell lysis methods,microfluidics,electrical lysis,mechanical lysis,thermal lysis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cell lysis, cell lysis methods, microfluidics, electrical lysis, mechanical lysis, thermal lysis

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