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      Long-term outcomes of pediatric infections: from traditional infectious diseases to long covid

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          Abstract

          There is limited evidence available on the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. In this article, the authors analyze the recent evidence on pediatric long covid and lessons learnt from a pediatric post-covid unit in Rome, Italy. To gain a better understanding of the concerns raised by parents and physicians in relation to the potential long-term consequences of this novel infection, it is important to recognize that long-term effect of a post-infectious disease is not a new phenomenon.

          Plain language summary

          The authors analyze the recent evidence on pediatric long covid and lessons learnt from a pediatric post-covid unit in Rome, Italy. Also, we analyze the long-term effects of other infectious diseases.

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          An analysis of the recent evidence on pediatric long covid and lessons learnt from a pediatric post-covid unit in Rome, Italy.

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          Most cited references138

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          Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19

          Progressive respiratory failure is the primary cause of death in the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Despite widespread interest in the pathophysiology of the disease, relatively little is known about the associated morphologic and molecular changes in the peripheral lung of patients who die from Covid-19.
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            Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19

            This case series describes COVID-19 symptoms persisting a mean of 60 days after onset among Italian patients previously discharged from COVID-19 hospitalization.
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              Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

              Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in global healthcare crises and strained health resources. As the population of patients recovering from COVID-19 grows, it is paramount to establish an understanding of the healthcare issues surrounding them. COVID-19 is now recognized as a multi-organ disease with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Similarly to post-acute viral syndromes described in survivors of other virulent coronavirus epidemics, there are increasing reports of persistent and prolonged effects after acute COVID-19. Patient advocacy groups, many members of which identify themselves as long haulers, have helped contribute to the recognition of post-acute COVID-19, a syndrome characterized by persistent symptoms and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on post-acute COVID-19, its pathophysiology and its organ-specific sequelae. Finally, we discuss relevant considerations for the multidisciplinary care of COVID-19 survivors and propose a framework for the identification of those at high risk for post-acute COVID-19 and their coordinated management through dedicated COVID-19 clinics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Future Microbiol
                Future Microbiol
                FMB
                Future Microbiology
                Future Medicine Ltd (London, UK )
                1746-0913
                1746-0921
                10 March 2022
                January 2022
                10 March 2022
                : 10.2217/fmb-2022-0031
                Affiliations
                1Department of Woman & Child Health & Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
                2Center for Global Health Research & Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
                3Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hemorrhagic & Thrombotic Diseases Center, Oncological Radiotherapy, & Hematology, Foundation ‘A Gemelli’ IRCCS University Hospital, Rome, Italy
                4Pediatric Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, pediatrics, & Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
                5Patient author, Italy
                6Patient author, UK & Northern Ireland
                7Patient author, member of the CAC Community Advisory Council of Solve ME/CFS Initiative, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
                8Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
                9Department of pediatrics & pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
                10MSc Immunology, Imperial College London, London, UK
                11ISARIC Global Support Centre, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Author for correspondence: Tel.: +39 331 981 9715; danilobuonsenso@ 123456gmail.com
                [‡]

                Both first authors

                [§]

                Both last authors

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8567-2639
                Article
                10.2217/fmb-2022-0031
                8910780
                35264003
                5120986d-f08a-4a31-bb26-cf04a038b8a2
                © 2022 The Authors

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

                History
                : 31 January 2022
                : 23 February 2022
                : 10 March 2022
                Page count
                Pages: 21
                Categories
                Review

                children,covid-19,long covid,microclots,post-covid-19 condition,sars-cov-2,viral persistence

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