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      In vitro cytotoxicity of zinc oxide, iron oxide and copper nanopowders prepared by green synthesis

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          Highlights

          • In vitro cyototoxicity of green synthesized copper, iron oxide and zinc oxide nanopowders were assessed.

          • Vero, PK 15 and MDBK cells used for in vitro study for nanopowders use in animal applications.

          • Effect of various concentrations (10–50 μg/100 μl) and exposure time of nanopowders were evaluated in the current study.

          • It suggested that the activity of green synthesized NPs were highly dependent on concentration, exposure time and type of cells.

          • Present study revealed that the all the three selected metallic nanoparticles were found non-toxic.

          • The synthesized nanoparticles may be used for in vivo application.

          Abstract

          In vitro cytotoxic effects of ZnO, FeO and Cu metallic nanopowders (NPs) on Vero (African green monkey kidney cell line), PK 15 (Pig kidney cell line) and Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell lines were investigated at different time intervals (24 and 48 h). MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effects of green synthesized (plant based) nanopowders. The comparative effects of exposure period and concentration of nanopowders on cell viability were studied. Green synthesized nanopowders showed varying activity on different type of cells and the effect was generally based on the concentration and exposure time. In MDBK cells, only ZnO nanopowder (NP) showed significant effect on cell viability. The ZnO NP showed improved cell viability at lower concentration (10 μg/100 μl) in all type of cells (Vero, PK 15 and MDBK cells). In contrast, FeO NP showed better activity at the concentration of 10 μg/100 μl, 50 μg/100 μl and 40 μg/100 μl after 24 h exposure time in Vero, PK 15 and MDBK cells respectively. However better cell viability was observed in Cu NP treated Vero, PK 15 and MDBK cells at 40 μg/100 μl, 20 μg/100 μl and 10 μg/100 μl correspondingly. These studies suggested that the activity of green synthesized NPs were highly dependent on concentration, exposure time and type of cells.

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          Most cited references20

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          NanoGenotoxicology: the DNA damaging potential of engineered nanomaterials.

          With the rapid expansion in the nanotechnology industry, it is essential that the safety of engineered nanomaterials and the factors that influence their associated hazards are understood. A vital area governing regulatory health risk assessment is genotoxicology (the study of genetic aberrations following exposure to test agents), as DNA damage may initiate and promote carcinogenesis, or impact fertility. Of late, considerable attention has been given to the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials, but the importance of their genotoxic potential on human health has been largely overlooked. This comprehensive review focuses on the reported abilities of metal nanoparticles, metal-oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, fullerenes, and fibrous nanomaterials, to damage or interact with DNA, and their ecogenotoxicity is also considered. Many of the engineered nanomaterials assessed were found to cause genotoxic responses, such as chromosomal fragmentation, DNA strand breakages, point mutations, oxidative DNA adducts and alterations in gene expression profiles. However, there are clear inconsistencies in the literature and it is difficult to draw conclusions on the physico-chemical features of nanomaterials that promote genotoxicity, largely due to study design. Hence, areas that require that further attention are highlighted and recommendations to improve our understanding of the genotoxic potential of engineered nanomaterials are addressed.
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            Carbon nanotubes: a review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety.

            Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are an important new class of technological materials that have numerous novel and useful properties. The forecast increase in manufacture makes it likely that increasing human exposure will occur, and as a result, CNT are beginning to come under toxicological scrutiny. This review seeks to set out the toxicological paradigms applicable to the toxicity of inhaled CNT, building on the toxicological database on nanoparticles (NP) and fibers. Relevant workplace regulation regarding exposure is also considered in the light of our knowledge of CNT. CNT could have features of both NP and conventional fibers, and so the current paradigm for fiber toxicology, which is based on mineral fibers and synthetic vitreous fibers, is discussed. The NP toxicology paradigm is also discussed in relation to CNT. The available peer-reviewed literature suggests that CNT may have unusual toxicity properties. In particular, CNT seem to have a special ability to stimulate mesenchymal cell growth and to cause granuloma formation and fibrogenesis. In several studies, CNT have more adverse effects than the same mass of NP carbon and quartz, the latter a commonly used benchmark of particle toxicity. There is, however, no definitive inhalation study available that would avoid the potential for artifactual effects due to large mats and aggregates forming during instillation exposure procedures. Studies also show that CNT may exhibit some of their effects through oxidative stress and inflammation. CNT represent a group of particles that are growing in production and use, and therefore, research into their toxicology and safe use is warranted.
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              Protein bio-corona: critical issue in immune nanotoxicology

              With the expansion of the nanomedicine field, the knowledge focusing on the behavior of nanoparticles in the biological milieu has rapidly escalated. Upon introduction to a complex biological system, nanomaterials dynamically interact with all the encountered biomolecules and form the protein “bio-corona.” The decoration with these surface biomolecules endows nanoparticles with new properties. The present review will address updates of the protein bio-corona characteristics as influenced by nanoparticle’s physicochemical properties and by the particularities of the encountered biological milieu. Undeniably, bio-corona generation influences the efficacy of the nanodrug and guides the actions of innate and adaptive immunity. Exploiting the dynamic process of protein bio-corona development in combination with the new engineered horizons of drugs linked to nanoparticles could lead to innovative functional nanotherapies. Therefore, bio-medical nanotechnologies should focus on the interactions of nanoparticles with the immune system for both safety and efficacy reasons.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Toxicol Rep
                Toxicol Rep
                Toxicology Reports
                Elsevier
                2214-7500
                24 July 2017
                2017
                24 July 2017
                : 4
                : 427-430
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
                [b ]Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
                [c ]Department of Biotechnology, Valliammal College for Women, Chennai, India
                [d ]Director, CHAS, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
                Author notes
                Article
                S2214-7500(17)30048-3
                10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.005
                5615137
                28959669
                4fcf35c0-4ae5-44df-80cb-1a38beda1069
                © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 11 February 2017
                : 17 July 2017
                : 21 July 2017
                Categories
                Article

                zno,feo,cu,nanopowders,mtt,in vitro cytotoxicity
                zno, feo, cu, nanopowders, mtt, in vitro cytotoxicity

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