Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs

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Abstract

Background

A novel test using whole‐body barometric plethysmography ( WBBP) was developed recently to diagnose brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome ( BOAS) in unsedated French bulldogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The hypotheses of this study were: (1) respiratory characteristics are different between healthy nonbrachycephalic dogs and brachycephalic dogs; and among pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs; and (2) obesity and stenotic nares are risk factors for BOAS. The main objective was to establish a diagnostic test for BOAS in these 3 breeds.

Animals

A total of 266 brachycephalic dogs (100 pugs, 100 French bulldogs, and 66 bulldogs) and 28 nonbrachycephalic dogs.

Methods

Prospective study. Exercise tolerance tests with respiratory functional grading, and WBBP were performed on all dogs. Data from WBBP were associated with functional grades to train quadratic discriminant analysis tools to assign dogs to BOAS+ and BOAS‐ groups. A BOAS index (0–100%) was calculated for each dog. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate classification ability.

Results

Minute volume was decreased significantly in asymptomatic pugs ( P = .009), French bulldogs ( P = .026), and bulldogs ( P < .0001) when compared to nonbrachycephalic controls. Respiratory characteristics were different among breeds and affected dogs had a significant increase in trace variation. The BOAS index predicted BOAS status for each breed with 94–97% (95% confidence interval [ CI], 88.9–100%) accuracy (area under the ROC curve). Both obesity ( P = .04) and stenotic nares ( P = .004) were significantly associated with BOAS.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The WBBP can be used as a clinical tool to diagnose BOAS noninvasively and objectively.

Related collections

Most cited references 36

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Physiology of obesity and effects on lung function.

Cheryl M Salome, Gregory G King, Norbert Berend (2010)

In obese people, the presence of adipose tissue around the rib cage and abdomen and in the visceral cavity loads the chest wall and reduces functional residual capacity (FRC). The reduction in FRC and in expiratory reserve volume is detectable, even at a modest increase in weight. However, obesity has little direct effect on airway caliber. Spirometric variables decrease in proportion to lung volumes, but are rarely below the normal range, even in the extremely obese, while reductions in expiratory flows and increases in airway resistance are largely normalized by adjusting for lung volumes. Nevertheless, the reduction in FRC has consequences for other aspects of lung function. A low FRC increases the risk of both expiratory flow limitation and airway closure. Marked reductions in expiratory reserve volume may lead to abnormalities in ventilation distribution, with closure of airways in the dependent zones of the lung and ventilation perfusion inequalities. Greater airway closure during tidal breathing is associated with lower arterial oxygen saturation in some subjects, even though lung CO-diffusing capacity is normal or increased in the obese. Bronchoconstriction has the potential to enhance the effects of obesity on airway closure and thus on ventilation distribution. Thus obesity has effects on lung function that can reduce respiratory well-being, even in the absence of specific respiratory disease, and may also exaggerate the effects of existing airway disease.

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Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 1: disorders related to breed standards.

Lucy Asher, Gillian Diesel, Jennifer F Summers … (2009)

The United Kingdom pedigree-dog industry has faced criticism because certain aspects of dog conformation stipulated in the UK Kennel Club breed standards have a detrimental impact on dog welfare. A review of conformation-related disorders was carried out in the top 50 UK Kennel Club registered breeds using systematic searches of existing information. A novel index to score severity of disorders along a single scale was also developed and used to conduct statistical analyses to determine the factors affecting reported breed predisposition to defects. According to the literature searched, each of the top 50 breeds was found to have at least one aspect of its conformation predisposing it to a disorder; and 84 disorders were either directly or indirectly associated with conformation. The Miniature poodle, Bulldog, Pug and Basset hound had most associations with conformation-related disorders. Further research on prevalence and severity is required to assess the impact of different disorders on the welfare of affected breeds.

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Neck circumference as a measure of central obesity: associations with metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome beyond waist circumference.

Altan Onat, Gülay Hergenç, Hüsniye Yüksel … (2009)

To investigate the relationship of neck circumference (NC) to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and whether it adds information to that provided by waist circumference. Cross-sectional analysis of a population sample of 1,912 men and women, aged 55.1 +/- 12 years, representative of Turkish adults. MetS was identified based on modified criteria of the ATP-III, OSAS when habitual snoring and episodes of apnea were combined with another relevant symptom. NC measured 36.7 (+/- 3.5) cm in the total sample. It was significantly correlated with numerous risk factors, above all body mass index and waist girth (r > or = 0.6), homeostatic model-assessed insulin resistance, blood pressure and, inversely, with smoking status and sex hormone-binding globulin. Sex- and age-adjusted NC was associated significantly with MetS, at a 2-3-fold increased likelihood for 1 standard deviation (SD) increment. After further adjustment for waist circumference and smoking status, a significant residual odds ratio (OR, 1.13 [95% CI 1.08; 1.19]) persisted, corresponding to ORs of 1.53 and 1.27 in males and females, respectively, for 1 SD increment. Even when adjusted for all MetS components, a residual OR (1.08 [95% CI 1.000; 1.17]) remained. Sex- and age-adjusted NC was associated significantly also with OSAS in genders combined, independent of waist girth, yielding an added OR of 1.3 for 1 SD increment. NC contributes to MetS likelihood beyond waist circumference and the MetS components. Regarding association with OSAS, NC is of greater value than WC among Turkish men, not women.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vet Intern Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Vet. Intern. Med

Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1939-1676

Journal ID (publisher-id): JVIM

Title: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Print): 0891-6640

ISSN (Electronic): 1939-1676

Publication date (Electronic): 09 May 2016

Publication date (Print): May-Jun 2016

Volume: 30

Issue: 3 ( doiID: 10.1111/jvim.2016.30.issue-3 )

Pages: 853-865

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Cambridge CambridgeUK

[ ² ]Vet Epi Ltd. BirminghamUK

Author notes

[*] [* ]Corresponding author: D.R. Sargan, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; e‐mail: drs20@ 123456cam.ac.uk .

[†]

Equal contributions.

Article

Publisher ID: JVIM13933

DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13933

PMC ID: 4913582

PubMed ID: 27159898

SO-VID: 4f6e8239-c74e-4700-9fb6-f0662ae57996

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

History

Date received : 09 October 2015

Date revision received : 09 February 2016

Date accepted : 29 February 2016

Page count

Pages: 13

Funding

Funded by: Kennel Club Charitable Trust (KCCT)

Award ID: RG71960

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

component-id jvim13933

cover-date May/June 2016

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.9.1 mode:remove_FC converted:17.06.2016

ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

Keywords: brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome,quadratic discriminant analysis,respiratory function test,whole‐body barometric plethysmography

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

Keywords: brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome, quadratic discriminant analysis, respiratory function test, whole‐body barometric plethysmography

Whole‐Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs

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Abstract

Background

Hypothesis/Objectives

Animals

Methods

Results

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Related collections

Horses and Humans Research Foundation

Most cited references 36

Physiology of obesity and effects on lung function.

Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 1: disorders related to breed standards.

Neck circumference as a measure of central obesity: associations with metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome beyond waist circumference.

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