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      Contextualisation in the revised dual representation theory of PTSD: A response to Pearson and colleagues ☆

      research-article
      Author(s): ∗ , 1
      Publication date PMC-release:
      Journal: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
      Publisher: Elsevier
      Keywords: PTSD, Memory, Context, Intrusion

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          Abstract

          Three recent studies ( Pearson, 2012; Pearson, Ross, & Webster, 2012) purported to test the revised dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder ( Brewin, Gregory, Lipton, & Burgess, 2010) by manipulating the amount of additional information accompanying traumatic stimulus materials and assessing the effect on subsequent intrusive memories. Here we point out that these studies involve a misunderstanding of the meaning of “contextual” within the theory, such that the manipulation would be unlikely to have had the intended effect and the results are ambiguous with respect to the theory. Past and future experimental tests of the theory are discussed.

          Highlights

          • •

            Recent data are claimed to be inconsistent with the dual representation theory of PTSD.

          • •

            This claim rests on a misunderstanding of the role of context within the theory.

          • •

            The data are in fact ambiguous with respect to the theory.

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          Most cited references15

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          Remembering the past and imagining the future: a neural model of spatial memory and imagery.

          Patrick Byrne, Suzanna Becker, Neil Burgess (2007)
          The authors model the neural mechanisms underlying spatial cognition, integrating neuronal systems and behavioral data, and address the relationships between long-term memory, short-term memory, and imagery, and between egocentric and allocentric and visual and ideothetic representations. Long-term spatial memory is modeled as attractor dynamics within medial-temporal allocentric representations, and short-term memory is modeled as egocentric parietal representations driven by perception, retrieval, and imagery and modulated by directed attention. Both encoding and retrieval/imagery require translation between egocentric and allocentric representations, which are mediated by posterior parietal and retrosplenial areas and the use of head direction representations in Papez's circuit. Thus, the hippocampus effectively indexes information by real or imagined location, whereas Papez's circuit translates to imagery or from perception according to the direction of view. Modulation of this translation by motor efference allows spatial updating of representations, whereas prefrontal simulated motor efference allows mental exploration. The alternating temporal-parietal flows of information are organized by the theta rhythm. Simulations demonstrate the retrieval and updating of familiar spatial scenes, hemispatial neglect in memory, and the effects on hippocampal place cell firing of lesioned head direction representations and of conflicting visual and ideothetic inputs. (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved.
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            A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder.

            Chris Brewin, Tim Dalgleish, Stephen Joseph (1996)
            A cognitive theory of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is proposed that assumes traumas experienced after early childhood give rise to 2 sorts of memory, 1 verbally accessible and 1 automatically accessible through appropriate situational cues. These different types of memory are used to explain the complex phenomenology of PTSD, including the experiences of reliving the traumatic event and of emotionally processing the trauma. The theory considers 3 possible outcomes of the emotional processing of trauma, successful completion, chronic processing, and premature inhibition of processing We discuss the implications of the theory for research design, clinical practice, and resolving contradictions in the empirical data.
            Article 0 comments Cited 293 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Inducing and modulating intrusive emotional memories: a review of the trauma film paradigm.

              Emily A Holmes, Corin Bourne (2008)
              Highly affect-laden memory intrusions are a feature of several psychological disorders with intrusive images of trauma especially associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The trauma film paradigm provides a prospective experimental tool for investigating analogue peri-traumatic cognitive mechanisms underlying intrusion development. We review several historical papers and some more recent key studies that have used the trauma film paradigm. A heuristic diagram is presented, designed to simplify predictions about analogue peri-traumatic processing and intrusion development, which can also be related to the processing elements of recent cognitive models of PTSD. Results show intrusions can be induced in the laboratory and their frequency amplified/attenuated in line with predictions. Successful manipulations include competing task type (visuospatial vs. verbal) and use of a cognitive coping strategy. Studies show that spontaneous peri-traumatic dissociation also affects intrusion frequency although attempts to manipulate dissociation have failed. It is hoped that further use of this paradigm may lead to prophylactic training for at risk groups and an improved understanding of intrusions across psychopathologies.
              Article 0 comments Cited 106 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry
                Title: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 0005-7916
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-7943
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 March 2014
                Publication date (Print): March 2014
                Volume: 45
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 217-219
                Affiliations
                [1]University College London, UK
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. c.brewin@ 123456ucl.ac.uk
                [1]

                Neil Burgess is supported by a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellowship.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S0005-7916(13)00061-X
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.07.011
                PMC ID: 3857594
                PubMed ID: 24041427
                SO-VID: 4e8251e4-0b4a-4946-b97f-d147624b762d
                Copyright © © 2013 The Authors
                License:

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                Date received : 15 January 2013
                Date revision received : 7 May 2013
                Date accepted : 30 July 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: memory,ptsd,intrusion,context
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: memory, ptsd, intrusion, context

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