There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM,
Tetranychus urticae Koch) is a significant agricultural pest, particularly in strawberries. Management
of TSSM has traditionally relied on synthetic acaricides, but to mitigate dependency
on these chemicals, the control of TSSM on strawberry is often combined with biological
control measures and chemical control strategies. The predatory mite,
Phytoseiulus persimilis, is a promising biological control agent, preying on all TSSM developmental stages.
In this study, we examined the toxicity of six common acaricides on TSSM and
P. persimilis, and cyetpyrafen was selected due to its highest relative toxicity value. Then, we
examined the compatibility of cyetpyrafen with
P. persimilis for TSSM management on strawberries. The results suggested that cyetpyrafen revealed
no substantial differences in prey consumption or longevity when compared to the control,
though minor effects on the development durations of protonymphs and deutonymphs were
noted in the subsequent generation. Additionally, cyetpyrafen's toxicity on key pollinators,
such as
Apis mellifera and
Bombus terrestris, was found to be low. Thus, an integrated strategy combining cyetpyrafen (0.83 mg/L)
with
P. persimilis (predator–prey ratio of 1:30) was examined under laboratory and field conditions.
Laboratory trials demonstrated a reduction in mites per leaf from 32.72 to 14.50 within
3 days, correlating to a 70.23% control efficiency. This efficacy increased to 96.04%
by day 9 and was sustained until the experiment concluded on day 27. Field trials
similarly showed a reduction in TSSM from 53.93 to 9.63 mites/leaf by day 6, achieving
an 83.64% control efficiency, and culminated in a 98.46% reduction by day 10. These
findings suggested that an integrated approach utilizing cyetpyrafen in conjunction
with
P. persimilis can be an effective alternative for TSSM management on strawberry plants.
Traditionally, measurement of the acute toxicity of pesticides to beneficial arthropods has relied largely on the determination of an acute median lethal dose or concentration. However, the estimated lethal dose during acute toxicity tests may only be a partial measure of the deleterious effects. In addition to direct mortality induced by pesticides, their sublethal effects on arthropod physiology and behavior must be considered for a complete analysis of their impact. An increasing number of studies and methods related to the identification and characterization of these effects have been published in the past 15 years. Review of sublethal effects reported in published literature, taking into account recent data, has revealed new insights into the sublethal effects of pesticides including effects on learning performance, behavior, and neurophysiology. We characterize the different types of sublethal effects on beneficial arthropods, focusing mainly on honey bees and natural enemies, and we describe the methods used in these studies. Finally, we discuss the potential for developing experimental approaches that take into account these sublethal effects in integrated pest management and the possibility of integrating their evaluation in pesticide registration procedures.
The development and use of entomopathogens as classical, conservation and augmentative biological control agents have included a number of successes and some setbacks in the past 1years. In this forum paper we present current information on development, use and future directions of insect-specific viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes as components of integrated pest management strategies for control of arthropod pests of crops, forests, urban habitats, and insects of medical and veterinary importance. Insect pathogenic viruses are a fruitful source of microbial control agents (MCAs), particularly for the control of lepidopteran pests. Most research is focused on the baculoviruses, important pathogens of some globally important pests for which control has become difficult due to either pesticide resistance or pressure to reduce pesticide residues. Baculoviruses are accepted as safe, readily mass produced, highly pathogenic and easily formulated and applied control agents. New baculovirus products are appearing in many countries and gaining an increased market share. However, the absence of a practical in vitro mass production system, generally higher production costs, limited post application persistence, slow rate of kill and high host specificity currently contribute to restricted use in pest control. Overcoming these limitations are key research areas for which progress could open up use of insect viruses to much larger markets. A small number of entomopathogenic bacteria have been commercially developed for control of insect pests. These include several Bacillus thuringiensis sub-species, Lysinibacillus (Bacillus) sphaericus, Paenibacillus spp. and Serratia entomophila. B. thuringiensis sub-species kurstaki is the most widely used for control of pest insects of crops and forests, and B. thuringiensis sub-species israelensis and L. sphaericus are the primary pathogens used for control of medically important pests including dipteran vectors. These pathogens combine the advantages of chemical pesticides and MCAs: they are fast acting, easy to produce at a relatively low cost, easy to formulate, have a long shelf life and allow delivery using conventional application equipment and systemics (i.e. in transgenic plants). Unlike broad spectrum chemical pesticides, B. thuringiensis toxins are selective and negative environmental impact is very limited. Of the several commercially produced MCAs, B. thuringiensis (Bt) has more than 50% of market share. Extensive research, particularly on the molecular mode of action of Bt toxins, has been conducted over the past two decades. The Bt genes used in insect-resistant transgenic crops belong to the Cry and vegetative insecticidal protein families of toxins. Bt has been highly efficacious in pest management of corn and cotton, drastically reducing the amount of broad spectrum chemical insecticides used while being safe for consumers and non-target organisms. Despite successes, the adoption of Bt crops has not been without controversy. Although there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding their detrimental effects, this controversy has created the widespread perception in some quarters that Bt crops are dangerous for the environment. In addition to discovery of more efficacious isolates and toxins, an increase in the use of Bt products and transgenes will rely on innovations in formulation, better delivery systems and ultimately, wider public acceptance of transgenic plants expressing insect-specific Bt toxins. Fungi are ubiquitous natural entomopathogens that often cause epizootics in host insects and possess many desirable traits that favor their development as MCAs. Presently, commercialized microbial pesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi largely occupy niche markets. A variety of molecular tools and technologies have recently allowed reclassification of numerous species based on phylogeny, as well as matching anamorphs (asexual forms) and teleomorphs (sexual forms) of several entomopathogenic taxa in the Phylum Ascomycota. Although these fungi have been traditionally regarded exclusively as pathogens of arthropods, recent studies have demonstrated that they occupy a great diversity of ecological niches. Entomopathogenic fungi are now known to be plant endophytes, plant disease antagonists, rhizosphere colonizers, and plant growth promoters. These newly understood attributes provide possibilities to use fungi in multiple roles. In addition to arthropod pest control, some fungal species could simultaneously suppress plant pathogens and plant parasitic nematodes as well as promote plant growth. A greater understanding of fungal ecology is needed to define their roles in nature and evaluate their limitations in biological control. More efficient mass production, formulation and delivery systems must be devised to supply an ever increasing market. More testing under field conditions is required to identify effects of biotic and abiotic factors on efficacy and persistence. Lastly, greater attention must be paid to their use within integrated pest management programs; in particular, strategies that incorporate fungi in combination with arthropod predators and parasitoids need to be defined to ensure compatibility and maximize efficacy. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are potent MCAs. Substantial progress in research and application of EPNs has been made in the past decade. The number of target pests shown to be susceptible to EPNs has continued to increase. Advancements in this regard primarily have been made in soil habitats where EPNs are shielded from environmental extremes, but progress has also been made in use of nematodes in above-ground habitats owing to the development of improved protective formulations. Progress has also resulted from advancements in nematode production technology using both in vivo and in vitro systems; novel application methods such as distribution of infected host cadavers; and nematode strain improvement via enhancement and stabilization of beneficial traits. Innovative research has also yielded insights into the fundamentals of EPN biology including major advances in genomics, nematode-bacterial symbiont interactions, ecological relationships, and foraging behavior. Additional research is needed to leverage these basic findings toward direct improvements in microbial control.
Publication date
(Electronic, pub):
27
November
2023
Publication date
(Electronic, collection):
December
2023
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Electronic Location Identifier: 54
Affiliations
[1
]
GRID grid.452757.6, ISNI 0000 0004 0644 6150, org-divisionShandong-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Control, Institute of Plant Protection, org-nameShandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences;
250100
Jinan
China
[2
]
Key Laboratory of Natural Enemies Insects Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (
https://ror.org/05ckt8b96)
250100
Jinan
China
[3
]
College of Plant Protection Shandong Agricultural University (
https://ror.org/02ke8fw32)
271000
Tai’an
China
[5
]
GRID grid.410727.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0526 1937, org-divisionMARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, org-nameChinese Academy of Agricultural Science;
100193
Beijing
China
[6
]
org-divisionCollege of Rural Revitalization, org-nameShandong Open University;
250014
Jinan
China
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium
or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were
made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the
article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to
the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence
and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted
use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view
a copy of this licence, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a
credit line to the data.
History
Date: 20
November
2023
Date
received
: 18
September
2023
Date
accepted
: 19
November
2023
Date: 27
November
2023
Related
Funding
Funded by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
Award ID: 31972273
Award Recipient
:
Yifan Zhai
Funded by:
Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation
Award ID: ZR2021YQ21
Award ID: ZR2021QC218
Award Recipient
:
Yan Liu
Award Recipient
:
Yifan Zhai
Funded by:
Breeding Plan of Shandong Provincial Qingchuang Research Team
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100020764
Award ID: SDAIT-24
Award Recipient
:
Li Zheng
Funded by:
Jinan Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Program
Award ID: CX202201
Award Recipient
:
Yifan Zhai
Categories
Subject:
Research Article
Compound subject:
ab, CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Smart Citations