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      Animal models for screening anxiolytic-like drugs: a perspective Translated title: Modelos animales para la evaluación de fármacos con características ansiolíticas: una perspectiva Translated title: Modèles animaux de sélection de médicaments aux propriétés anxiolytiques: point de vue.

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          Abstract

          Contemporary biological psychiatry uses experimental animal models to increase our understanding of affective disorder pathogenesis. Modern anxiolytic drug discovery mainly targets specific pathways and molecular determinants within a single phenotypic domain. However, greater understanding of the mechanisms of action is possible through animal models. Primarily developed with rats, animal models in anxiety have been adapted with mixed success for mice, easy-to-use mammals with better genetic possibilities than rats. In this review, we focus on the three most common animal models of anxiety in mice used in the screening of anxiolytics. Both conditioned and unconditioned models are described, in order to represent all types of animal models of anxiety. Behavioral studies require careful attention to variable parameters linked to environment, handling, or paradigms; this is also discussed. Finally, we focus on the consequences of re-exposure to the apparatus. Test-retest procedures can provide new answers, but should be intensively studied in order to revalidate the entire paradigm as an animal model of anxiety.

          Translated abstract

          La psiquiatría biológica actual emplea modelos animales experimentales para aumentar la comprensión acerca de la patogénesis del trastorno afectivo. El descubrimiento de los fármacos ansiolíticos modernos apunta principalmente a vías especificas y determinantes moleculares dentro de un dominio fenotípico único. Sin embargo, es posible una mayor comprensión de los mecanismos de acción a través de los modelos animales. Los modelos animales de ansiedad, inicialmente desarrollados en ratas, han sido adaptados con relativo éxito en ratones, un mamífero fácil de emplear y con mejores posibilidades genéticas que las ratas. Esta revisión se focaliza en los tres modelos animales de ansiedad empleados más comúnmente en ratones, que se utilizan para la evaluación de ansiolíticos. Se describen tanto los modelos condicíonados como los incondicionados con el fin de representar todos los tipos de modelos animales de ansiedad. También se analiza el gran cuidado que se debe poner en los parámetros variables relacionados con el ambiente, la manipulación o el paradigma que tienen los estudios de comportamiento. Por último se centra la atención en las consecuentias de la re-exposición al aparato. Los procedimientos de test-retest pueden proportionar nuevas respuestas, pero deben ser ampliamente estudiados para revalidar todo el paradigma como un modelo animal de ansiedad.

          Translated abstract

          La psychiatrie biologique actuelle utilise les modèles animaux expérimentaux pour mieux comprendre la pathogenèse des troubles affectifs. La recherche moderne sur les anxiolytiques cible principalement les voies spécifiques et les déterminants moléculaires dans un phénotype unique. Les modèles animaux permettent néanmoins de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'action. D'abord développés chez le rat, les modèles animaux de l'anxiété ont été adaptés avec un succès variable chez la souris, un mammifère facile à utiliser dont les possibilités génétiques sont meilleures que celles du rat. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux trois modèles d'anxiété les plus courants chez la souris, utilisés pour la sélection d'anxiolytiques. Nous décrivons à la fois les modèles conditionnés et non conditionnés afin de représenter tous les types de modèles animaux d'anxiété. Les études de comportement nécessitant une observation soigneuse des paramètres variables liés à l'environnement, aux façons de réagir ou aux modèles, sont aussi analysées. Enfin nous nous intéressons aux conséquences de la ré-exposition au dispositif. Les techniques de fiabilité test-retest peuvent fournir de nouvelles réponses mais doivent être étudiées en profondeur afin de revalider le modèle entier comme modèle animal de l'anxiété.

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          Most cited references32

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          The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse.

          R Lister (1987)
          To investigate whether an elevated plus-maze consisting of two open and two closed arms could be used as a model of anxiety in the mouse, NIH Swiss mice were tested in the apparatus immediately after a holeboard test. Factor analysis of data from undrugged animals tested in the holeboard and plus-maze yielded three orthogonal factors interpreted as assessing anxiety, directed exploration and locomotion. Anxiolytic drugs (chlordiazepoxide, sodium pentobarbital and ethanol) increased the proportion of time spent on the open arms, and anxiogenic drugs (FG 7142, caffeine and picrotoxin) reduced this measure. Amphetamine and imipramine failed to alter the indices of anxiety. The anxiolytic effect of chlordiazepoxide was reduced in mice that had previously experienced the plus-maze in an undrugged state. Testing animals in the holeboard immediately before the plus-maze test significantly elevated both the percentage of time spent on the open arms and the total number of arm entries, but did not affect the behavioral response to chlordiazepoxide. The plus-maze appears to be a useful test with which to investigate both anxiolytic and anxiogenic agents.
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            Measuring normal and pathological anxiety-like behaviour in mice: a review.

            Measuring anxiety-like behaviour in mice has been mostly undertaken using a few classical animal models of anxiety such as the elevated plus-maze, the light/dark choice or the open-field tests. All these procedures are based upon the exposure of subjects to unfamiliar aversive places. Anxiety can also be elicited by a range of threats such as predator exposure. Furthermore, the concepts of "state" and "trait" anxiety have been proposed to differentiate anxiety that the subject experiences at a particular moment of time and that is increased by the presence of an anxiogenic stimulus, and anxiety that does not vary from moment to moment and is considered to be an "enduring feature of an individual". Thus, when assessing the behaviour of mice, it is necessary to increase the range of behavioural paradigms used, including animal models of "state" and "trait" anxiety. In the last few years, many mice with targeted mutations have been generated. Among them some have been proposed as animal models of pathological anxiety, since they display high level of anxiety-related behaviours in classical tests. However, it is important to emphasise that such mice are animal models of a single gene dysfunction, rather than models of anxiety, per se. Inbred strains of mice, such as the BALB/c line, which exhibits spontaneously elevated anxiety appear to be a more suitable model of pathological anxiety.
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              The neurobiology and control of anxious states.

              Fear is an adaptive component of the acute "stress" response to potentially-dangerous (external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when disproportional in intensity, chronic and/or irreversible, or not associated with any genuine risk, it may be symptomatic of a debilitating anxious state: for example, social phobia, panic attacks or generalized anxiety disorder. In view of the importance of guaranteeing an appropriate emotional response to aversive events, it is not surprising that a diversity of mechanisms are involved in the induction and inhibition of anxious states. Apart from conventional neurotransmitters, such as monoamines, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, many other modulators have been implicated, including: adenosine, cannabinoids, numerous neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, cytokines and several cellular mediators. Accordingly, though benzodiazepines (which reinforce transmission at GABA(A) receptors), serotonin (5-HT)(1A) receptor agonists and 5-HT reuptake inhibitors are currently the principle drugs employed in the management of anxiety disorders, there is considerable scope for the development of alternative therapies. In addition to cellular, anatomical and neurochemical strategies, behavioral models are indispensable for the characterization of anxious states and their modulation. Amongst diverse paradigms, conflict procedures--in which subjects experience opposing impulses of desire and fear--are of especial conceptual and therapeutic pertinence. For example, in the Vogel Conflict Test (VCT), the ability of drugs to release punishment-suppressed drinking behavior is evaluated. In reviewing the neurobiology of anxious states, the present article focuses in particular upon: the multifarious and complex roles of individual modulators, often as a function of the specific receptor type and neuronal substrate involved in their actions; novel targets for the management of anxiety disorders; the influence of neurotransmitters and other agents upon performance in the VCT; data acquired from complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies and, finally, several open questions likely to orientate future experimental- and clinical-research. In view of the recent proliferation of mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis, modulation and, potentially, treatment of anxiety disorders, this is an opportune moment to survey their functional and pathophysiological significance, and to assess their influence upon performance in the VCT and other models of potential anxiolytic properties.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                September 2015
                September 2015
                : 17
                : 3
                : 295-303
                Affiliations
                University of Nantes, France
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/mbourin
                4610614
                26487810
                4d0df042-b756-48f7-8891-3c622da1acd1
                Copyright: © 2015 Institut la Conférence Hippocrate - Servier Research Group

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Translational Research

                Neurosciences
                animal anxiety test,drug development,elevated plus maze,light/dark box test,four-plate test,serotonin receptor,gaba

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