Molecular characterization of Peste des Petits ruminants virus isolated from four outbreaks occurred in southern Iran

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Abstract

Background

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a severe infectious disease in both domestic and wild small ruminants. Due to its heavy economic burden and hence social and health impacts on human populations, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have targeted PPR for eradication by 2030. In order to plan and implement a successful eradication program, factual status assessments prior to devising disease control strategies is a vital criterion. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize PPR virus from a rising wave of outbreaks in southern Iran.

Results

Twenty-one clinical samples, including blood as well as oral, nasal and ocular swabs were collected from ten sick animals in 4 various herds and were examined with ELISA and RT-PCR for the presence of PPR virus antigen and genome, respectively. The virus was successfully isolated in primary lamb kidney cell culture and identified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced N genes revealed that, while the earliest reports of Iran’s outbreaks were grouped into clusters with Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Africa, in this study reported sequences were grouped with samples from Pakistan, Tajikistan and China in particular. This observation suggests a shift in PPRV flow from the western borders of the country to the eastern neighboring countries.

Conclusions

Lineage IV of PPR virus is presently circulating in Iran, with certain levels of genetic diversity. Present study along with previous reports demonstrates the dispersal patterns and movements of PPR virus, which highlights the reversal pattern of virus flow in recent years. Such information is necessary to understand PPRV molecular epidemiology and to develop more proper control strategies to eradicate the disease in the planned time.

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The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1920-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 14

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Global distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus and prospects for improved diagnosis and control.

Carrie Batten, Satya Parida, Geneviève Libeau … (2010)

Viral diseases of farm animals, rather than being a diminishing problem across the world, are now appearing with regularity in areas where they have never been seen before. Across the developing world, viral pathogens such as peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) place a huge disease burden on agriculture, in particular affecting small ruminant production and in turn increasing poverty in some of the poorest parts of the world. PPRV is currently considered as one of the main animal transboundary diseases that constitutes a threat to livestock production in many developing countries, particularly in western Africa and south Asia. Infection of small ruminants with PPRV causes a devastating plague and as well as being endemic across much of the developing world, in recent years outbreaks of PPRV have occurred in the European part of Turkey. Indeed, the relevance of many once considered 'exotic' viruses is now also high across the European Union and may threaten further regions across the globe in the future. Here, we review the spread of PPRV across Africa, Asia and into Europe through submissions made to the OIE Regional Reference Laboratories. Further, we discuss current control methods and the development of further tools to aid both diagnosis of the disease and prevention.

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Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus.

M.S. Shaila, David Shamaki, Morag Forsyth … (1996)

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important viral disease of goats and sheep prevalent in West Africa and the Middle East. In recent years, PPR has emerged in India, first in the South India and later in North India. To study the genetic relationships between viruses of distinct geographical origin we have sequenced a 322 nucleotide cDNA fragment of the fusion protein gene generated using reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Viruses from nineteen independent PPR outbreaks were compared; these included the prototype African strain from Senegal and viruses from disease outbreaks which have occurred at different times and locations across Africa, Arabia, the Near East and the Indian subcontinent. Four separate lineages of the virus were identified and the virus isolates from Asia over the past 2 years were all of one lineage which had not previously been identified in Africa or Asia.

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Recent epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV).

Pronab Dhar, B.P. Sreenivasa, Thomas Barrett … (2002)

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important viral disease of goats and sheep first described in west Africa in the 1940s. The virus has been circulating in parts of sub-Saharan Africa for several decades and in the Middle East and southern Asia since 1993, although the first description of the virus in India dates to 1987. To study the genetic relationship between isolates of distinct geographical origin, a selected region of the fusion (F) protein gene of the viruses was amplified using RT/PCR and the resulting DNA product sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Viruses from 27 outbreaks in Asian and Middle Eastern countries, reported between 1993 and 2000, and two recent outbreaks from the African continent were compared with the prototype African strain. Of the four known lineages of PPR virus, lineage 1 and 2 viruses have been found exclusively in west Africa. Virus from an outbreak in Burkina Faso in 1999 fell into the lineage 1 group. Viruses of lineage 3 have been found in east Africa, where an outbreak in Ethiopia in 1996 was of this type, and also in Arabia and in southern India. However, there have been no further isolations of lineage 3 virus from India since the one reported in 1992 from Tamil Nadu. A virus of this lineage was found circulating in Yemen in 2001. In the past 8 years virus exclusively of the fourth lineage has spread across the Middle East and the Asian sub-continent, reaching east as far as Nepal and Bangladesh. This virus lineage was also reported from Kuwait in 1999. The geographical source of the new lineage 4 virus is unknown although it is most closely related to African lineage 1. The possibility that its earlier presence in northern India was masked by the circulation of Rinderpest virus, a related virus of cattle, is considered unlikely.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Reza Shahriari: r.shahriyari@shirazu.ac.ir

Azizollah Khodakaram-Tafti: tafti@shirazu.ac.ir

Ali Mohammadi:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5651-3329

mohammad@shirazu.ac.ir

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Vet Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Vet. Res

Title: BMC Veterinary Research

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1746-6148

Publication date (Electronic): 28 May 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 28 May 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 15

Electronic Location Identifier: 177

Affiliations

ISNI 0000 0001 0745 1259, GRID grid.412573.6, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, , Shiraz University, ; Shiraz, Iran

Author information

Ali Mohammadi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5651-3329

Article

Publisher ID: 1920

DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1920-y

PMC ID: 6540375

PubMed ID: 31138202

SO-VID: 4b872c53-ab44-4734-b52e-461059ec5efd

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 9 September 2018

Date accepted : 16 May 2019

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009587, School of Veterinary Science, Shiraz University;

Award ID: 94GCU1M1310

Award Recipient : Azizollah Khodakaram-Tafti

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003968, Iran National Science Foundation;

Award ID: 93039493

Award Recipient : Azizollah Khodakaram-Tafti

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

Keywords: peste des petits ruminants virus,n gene,phylogenetic tree

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

Keywords: peste des petits ruminants virus, n gene, phylogenetic tree

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Molecular characterization of Peste des Petits ruminants virus isolated from four outbreaks occurred in southern Iran

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Horses and Humans Research Foundation

Most cited references 14

Global distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus and prospects for improved diagnosis and control.

Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus.

Recent epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV).

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Cited by 6

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