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      PTSD and complex PTSD in adolescence: discriminating factors in a population-based cross-sectional study Translated title: TEPT y TEPT complejo en la adolescencia: factores discriminantes en un estudio transversal de base poblacional Translated title: 青少年中的PTSD和复杂性PTSD:基于群体的横断面研究中的区分因素

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Chronic and repeated trauma are well-established risk factors for complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in adult samples. Less is known about how trauma history and other factors contribute to the development of CPTSD in adolescence.

          Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential contribution of trauma history and social factors to CPTSD in adolescents.

          Method: In a cross-sectional community study of 1299 adolescents aged 12–16 years, PTSD ( n = 97) and CPTSD ( n = 108) was assessed with the Child and Adolescent version of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ-CA). Trauma exposure, family functioning, school problems, and social support as potential discriminating factors between the PTSD and CPTSD groups were investigated.

          Results: Cumulative trauma exposure did not discriminate between PTSD and CPTSD in this sample. CPTSD was associated with family problems (such as financial difficulties and conflicts in the home), school problems (bullying and learning difficulties), and lack of social support.

          Conclusions: Our study indicates that factors other than cumulative trauma are important for the development of CPTSD in adolescence. Interventions targeting adolescent’s social environment both at home and at school may be beneficial.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Social factors, such as family problems, school problems, and lack of social support are important predictors of complex posttraumatic stress in adolescence following traumatic events.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Los traumatismos crónicos y repetidos son factores de riesgo bien establecidos para el trastorno de estrés postraumático complejo (CPTSD) en muestras de adultos. Se sabe menos acerca de cómo la historia del trauma y otros factores contribuyen al desarrollo de TEPT-C en la adolescencia.

          Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la potencial contribución de la historia de trauma y los factores sociales al TEPT-C en adolescentes.

          Método: En un estudio comunitario transversal de 1299 adolescentes de 12 a 16 años, se evaluó el PTSD ( n = 97) y CPTSD ( n = 108) con la versión para Niños y Adolescentes del Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma (ITQ-CA por sus siglas en ingles). Se investigaron la exposición al trauma, el funcionamiento familiar, los problemas escolares y el apoyo social como posibles factores de discriminación entre los grupos de TEPT y TEPT-C.

          Resultados: La exposición acumulada al trauma no discriminó entre TEPT y TEPT-C en esta muestra. El TEPT-C se asoció con problemas familiares (como dificultades financieras y conflictos en el hogar), problemas escolares (acoso escolar {bullying} y dificultades de aprendizaje) y apoyo social.

          Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio indica que otros factores además del trauma acumulativo son importantes para el desarrollo de TEPT-C en la adolescencia. Las intervenciones dirigidas al entorno social de los adolescentes tanto en el hogar como en la escuela pueden resultar beneficiosas.

          Translated abstract

          背景: 慢性和反复创伤是成人样本中复杂性创伤后应激障碍 (CPTSD) 的公认危险因素。关于创伤史和其他因素如何导致青春期CPTSD的发展知之甚少。

          目的: 本研究旨在评估青少年创伤史和社会因素对CPTSD的潜在贡献。

          方法: 在一项针对1299名12至16岁青少年的横断面社区研究中, 使用儿童和青少年版国际创伤问卷 (ITQ-CA) 对PTSD组 ( n = 97) 和CPTSD组 ( n = 108) 进行了评估。考查了创伤暴露, 家庭功能, 学校问题和社会支持作为PTSD组和CPTSD组之间的潜在区分因素。

          结果: 此样本中, 累积创伤暴露没有区分PTSD和CPTSD。 CPTSD与家庭问题 (例如经济困难和家庭冲突), 学校问题 (欺凌和学习困难) 以及社会支持相关。

          结论: 我们的研究表明, 除累积创伤外的其他因素对于青少年CPTSD的发展也很重要。针对家庭和学校的青少年社交环境进行干预可能有益。

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          A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD.

          The World Health Organization's proposals for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases, scheduled for release in 2018, involve a very brief set of symptoms and a distinction between two sibling disorders, PTSD and Complex PTSD. This review of studies conducted to test the validity and implications of the diagnostic proposals generally supports the proposed 3-factor structure of PTSD symptoms, the 6-factor structure of Complex PTSD symptoms, and the distinction between PTSD and Complex PTSD. Estimates derived from DSM-based items suggest the likely prevalence of ICD-11 PTSD in adults is lower than ICD-10 PTSD and lower than DSM-IV or DSM-5 PTSD, but this may change with the development of items that directly measure the ICD-11 re-experiencing requirement. Preliminary evidence suggests the prevalence of ICD-11 PTSD in community samples of children and adolescents is similar to DSM-IV and DSM-5. ICD-11 PTSD detects some individuals with significant impairment who would not receive a diagnosis under DSM-IV or DSM-5. ICD-11 CPTSD identifies a distinct group who have more often experienced multiple and sustained traumas and have greater functional impairment than those with PTSD.
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            International development and psychometric properties of the Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS)

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              ICD‐11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the United States: A Population‐Based Study

              The primary aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the current prevalence rates of International Classification of Diseases (11th rev.) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) among the adult population of the United States and to identify characteristics and correlates associated with each disorder. A total of 7.2% of the sample met criteria for either PTSD or CPTSD, and the prevalence rates were 3.4% for PTSD and 3.8% for CPTSD. Women were more likely than men to meet criteria for both PTSD and CPTSD. Cumulative adulthood trauma was associated with both PTSD and CPTSD; however, cumulative childhood trauma was more strongly associated with CPTSD than PTSD. Among traumatic stressors occurring in childhood, sexual and physical abuse by caregivers were identified as events associated with risk for CPTSD, whereas sexual assault by noncaregivers and abduction were risk factors for PTSD. Adverse childhood events were associated with both PTSD and CPTSD, and equally so. Individuals with CPTSD reported substantially higher psychiatric burden and lower levels of psychological well-being compared to those with PTSD and those with neither diagnosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                30 March 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1890937
                Affiliations
                [a ]Center for Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University; , Vilnius, Lithuania
                [b ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University; , Stanford, CA, USA
                [c ]National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System; , Palo Alto, CA, USA
                [d ]School of Health & Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University; , Edinburgh, UK
                [e ]NHS Lothian, Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress; , Edinburgh, UK
                [f ]School of Psychology, Ulster University; , Coleraine, UK
                [g ]Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies; , Oslo, Norway
                Author notes
                CONTACT Evaldas Kazlauskas evaldas.kazlauskas@ 123456fsf.vu.lt Center for Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University; , Ciurlionio 29-203, VilniusLT-01300Lithuania
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6863-0381
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8029-1570
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3002-0630
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-5223
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5688-7948
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7524-6094
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-6220
                Article
                1890937
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1890937
                8075084
                33968323
                4af8992d-ede4-434a-aff5-df96706db82c
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, References: 30, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Clinical Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                trauma,ptsd,complex ptsd,adolescents,icd-11,lithuania,tept,tept complejo,adolescentes,lituania,创伤,复杂性ptsd,青少年,立陶宛

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