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      Maternal anxiety and depression in pregnancy and DNA methylation of the NR3C1 glucocorticoid receptor gene

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          Abstract

          Aim: To quantify associations of anxiety and depression during pregnancy with differential cord blood DNA methylation of the glucorticoid receptor ( NR3C1). Materials & methods: Pregnancy anxiety, trait anxiety and depressive symptoms were collected using the Pregnancy Related Anxiety Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Index and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, respectively. NR3C1 methylation was determined at four methylation sites. Results: DNA methylation of CpG1 in the NR3C1 CpG island shore was higher in infants born to women with high pregnancy anxiety (β 2.54, 95% CI: 0.49–4.58) and trait anxiety (β 1.68, 95% CI: 0.14–3.22). No significant association was found between depressive symptoms and NR3C1 methylation. Conclusion: We found that maternal anxiety was associated with increased NR3C1 CpG island shore methylation.

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          Most cited references46

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          Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior.

          Here we report that increased pup licking and grooming (LG) and arched-back nursing (ABN) by rat mothers altered the offspring epigenome at a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene promoter in the hippocampus. Offspring of mothers that showed high levels of LG and ABN were found to have differences in DNA methylation, as compared to offspring of 'low-LG-ABN' mothers. These differences emerged over the first week of life, were reversed with cross-fostering, persisted into adulthood and were associated with altered histone acetylation and transcription factor (NGFI-A) binding to the GR promoter. Central infusion of a histone deacetylase inhibitor removed the group differences in histone acetylation, DNA methylation, NGFI-A binding, GR expression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to stress, suggesting a causal relation among epigenomic state, GR expression and the maternal effect on stress responses in the offspring. Thus we show that an epigenomic state of a gene can be established through behavioral programming, and it is potentially reversible.
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            Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

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              Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice.

              To briefly review results of the latest research on the contributions of depression, anxiety, and stress exposures in pregnancy to adverse maternal and child outcomes, and to direct attention to new findings on pregnancy anxiety, a potent maternal risk factor. Anxiety, depression, and stress in pregnancy are risk factors for adverse outcomes for mothers and children. Anxiety in pregnancy is associated with shorter gestation and has adverse implications for fetal neurodevelopment and child outcomes. Anxiety about a particular pregnancy is especially potent. Chronic strain, exposure to racism, and depressive symptoms in mothers during pregnancy are associated with lower birth weight infants with consequences for infant development. These distinguishable risk factors and related pathways to distinct birth outcomes merit further investigation. This body of evidence, and the developing consensus regarding biological and behavioral mechanisms, sets the stage for a next era of psychiatric and collaborative interdisciplinary research on pregnancy to reduce the burden of maternal stress, depression, and anxiety in the perinatal period. It is critical to identify the signs, symptoms, and diagnostic thresholds that warrant prenatal intervention and to develop efficient, effective and ecologically valid screening and intervention strategies to be used widely.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Epigenomics
                Epigenomics
                Future Medicine Ltd
                1750-1911
                1750-192X
                November 2021
                November 2021
                : 13
                : 21
                : 1701-1709
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60153, USA
                [2 ]Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
                [3 ]Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
                [4 ]Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health Environmental Health Sciences, New York, NY 10032, USA
                [5 ]Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
                [6 ]Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
                [7 ]Division of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
                [8 ]Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
                Article
                10.2217/epi-2020-0022
                33215541
                4aa16044-7cea-486a-8c3b-baa4418a02b8
                © 2021
                History

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