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      Pulmonary barotrauma in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          Background

          An ever-increasing number of studies have reported an increased incidence of spontaneous pulmonary barotrauma such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema in patients with COVID-19. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the value and significance of the available data.

          Methods

          A thorough systematic search was conducted to identify studies of barotrauma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Data analysis of case reports was done using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 22, and meta-analysis was performed using CMA-3.

          Results

          We identified a total of 4488 studies after thorough database searching.118 case reports and series, and 15 observational studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Fifteen studies were included in the quantitative analysis. The observational studies reported barotrauma in 4.2% (2.4–7.3%) among hospitalized patients; 15.6% (11–21.8%) among critically ill patients; and 18.4% (13–25.3%) in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, showing a linear relationship of barotrauma with the severity of the disease. In addition, barotrauma was associated with a longer length of hospital stay, more extended ICU stay, and higher in-hospital mortality. Also, a slightly higher odds of barotrauma was seen in COVID-19 ARDS compared with non-COVID-19 ARDS.

          Conclusion

          COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with a higher incidence of barotrauma. It presents unique challenges for invasive and non-invasive ventilation management. Further studies are required to unravel the underlying pathophysiology and develop safer management strategies.

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          Is Open Access

          AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both

          Beverley Shea, Barnaby Reeves, George Wells … (2017)
          The number of published systematic reviews of studies of healthcare interventions has increased rapidly and these are used extensively for clinical and policy decisions. Systematic reviews are subject to a range of biases and increasingly include non-randomised studies of interventions. It is important that users can distinguish high quality reviews. Many instruments have been designed to evaluate different aspects of reviews, but there are few comprehensive critical appraisal instruments. AMSTAR was developed to evaluate systematic reviews of randomised trials. In this paper, we report on the updating of AMSTAR and its adaptation to enable more detailed assessment of systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. With moves to base more decisions on real world observational evidence we believe that AMSTAR 2 will assist decision makers in the identification of high quality systematic reviews, including those based on non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions.
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            The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

            Matthew J L Page, Joanne E. Mckenzie, Patrick Bossuyt … (2021)
            The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
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              Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area.

              Christopher Booth, Larissa M. Matukas, George Tomlinson … (2003)
              Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease that first manifested in humans in China in November 2002 and has subsequently spread worldwide. To describe the clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of SARS in the first large group of patients in North America; to describe how these patients were treated and the variables associated with poor outcome. Retrospective case series involving 144 adult patients admitted to 10 academic and community hospitals in the greater Toronto, Ontario, area between March 7 and April 10, 2003, with a diagnosis of suspected or probable SARS. Patients were included if they had fever, a known exposure to SARS, and respiratory symptoms or infiltrates observed on chest radiograph. Patients were excluded if an alternative diagnosis was determined. Location of exposure to SARS; features of the history, physical examination, and laboratory tests at admission to the hospital; and 21-day outcomes such as death or intensive care unit (ICU) admission with or without mechanical ventilation. Of the 144 patients, 111 (77%) were exposed to SARS in the hospital setting. Features of the clinical examination most commonly found in these patients at admission were self-reported fever (99%), documented elevated temperature (85%), nonproductive cough (69%), myalgia (49%), and dyspnea (42%). Common laboratory features included elevated lactate dehydrogenase (87%), hypocalcemia (60%), and lymphopenia (54%). Only 2% of patients had rhinorrhea. A total of 126 patients (88%) were treated with ribavirin, although its use was associated with significant toxicity, including hemolysis (in 76%) and decrease in hemoglobin of 2 g/dL (in 49%). Twenty-nine patients (20%) were admitted to the ICU with or without mechanical ventilation, and 8 patients died (21-day mortality, 6.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9%-11.8%). Multivariable analysis showed that the presence of diabetes (relative risk [RR], 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-7.2; P =.01) or other comorbid conditions (RR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.8; P =.03) were independently associated with poor outcome (death, ICU admission, or mechanical ventilation). The majority of cases in the SARS outbreak in the greater Toronto area were related to hospital exposure. In the event that contact history becomes unreliable, several features of the clinical presentation will be useful in raising the suspicion of SARS. Although SARS is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with diabetes or other comorbid conditions, the vast majority (93.5%) of patients in our cohort survived.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ann Med Surg (Lond)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ann Med Surg (Lond)
                Title: Annals of Medicine and Surgery
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IJS Publishing Group Ltd.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2049-0801
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 January 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 January 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 103221
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
                [b ]Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
                [c ]Department of Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
                [d ]Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, TU Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
                [e ]Department of Internal Medicine, KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal
                [f ]Department of Internal Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal
                [g ]Department of Intensive Care Unit, Bhaktapur Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal
                [h ]Department of Internal Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC, USA
                [i ]Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
                [j ]Department of Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth, University, School of Medicine, Richmond, USA.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2049-0801(21)01171-7 Publisher ID: 103221
                DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103221
                PMC ID: 8721930
                PubMed ID: 35003730
                SO-VID: 4a9e1473-9242-484e-a58a-1887e6cb208b
                Copyright © © 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IJS Publishing Group Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 3 November 2021
                Date revision received : 23 December 2021
                Date accepted : 23 December 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Systematic Review / Meta-analysis

                Keywords: covid-19,barotrauma,pneumothorax,pneumomediastinum,pneumopericardium,subcutaneous emphysema,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2,sars-cov-2
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, barotrauma, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, subcutaneous emphysema, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, sars-cov-2

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