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      Testing main Amazonian rivers as barriers across time and space within widespread taxa

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          Visualizing spatial population structure with estimated effective migration surfaces

          Genetic data often exhibit patterns broadly consistent with “isolation by distance” – a phenomenon where genetic similarity decays with geographic distance. In a heterogeneous habitat this may occur more quickly in some regions than others: for example, barriers to gene flow can accelerate differentiation between neighboring groups. We use the concept of “effective migration” to model the relationship between genetics and geography: in this paradigm, effective migration is low in regions where genetic similarity decays quickly. We present a method to visualize variation in effective migration across the habitat from geographically indexed genetic data. Our approach uses a population genetic model to relate effective migration rates to expected genetic dissimilarities. We illustrate its potential and limitations using simulations and data from elephant, human and A. thaliana populations. The resulting visualizations highlight important spatial features of population structure that are difficult to discern using existing methods for summarizing genetic variation.
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            The drivers of tropical speciation.

            Since the recognition that allopatric speciation can be induced by large-scale reconfigurations of the landscape that isolate formerly continuous populations, such as the separation of continents by plate tectonics, the uplift of mountains or the formation of large rivers, landscape change has been viewed as a primary driver of biological diversification. This process is referred to in biogeography as vicariance. In the most species-rich region of the world, the Neotropics, the sundering of populations associated with the Andean uplift is ascribed this principal role in speciation. An alternative model posits that rather than being directly linked to landscape change, allopatric speciation is initiated to a greater extent by dispersal events, with the principal drivers of speciation being organism-specific abilities to persist and disperse in the landscape. Landscape change is not a necessity for speciation in this model. Here we show that spatial and temporal patterns of genetic differentiation in Neotropical birds are highly discordant across lineages and are not reconcilable with a model linking speciation solely to landscape change. Instead, the strongest predictors of speciation are the amount of time a lineage has persisted in the landscape and the ability of birds to move through the landscape matrix. These results, augmented by the observation that most species-level diversity originated after episodes of major Andean uplift in the Neogene period, suggest that dispersal and differentiation on a matrix previously shaped by large-scale landscape events was a major driver of avian speciation in lowland Neotropical rainforests.
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              Climate change patterns in Amazonia and biodiversity.

              Precise characterization of hydroclimate variability in Amazonia on various timescales is critical to understanding the link between climate change and biodiversity. Here we present absolute-dated speleothem oxygen isotope records that characterize hydroclimate variation in western and eastern Amazonia over the past 250 and 20 ka, respectively. Although our records demonstrate the coherent millennial-scale precipitation variability across tropical-subtropical South America, the orbital-scale precipitation variability between western and eastern Amazonia exhibits a quasi-dipole pattern. During the last glacial period, our records imply a modest increase in precipitation amount in western Amazonia but a significant drying in eastern Amazonia, suggesting that higher biodiversity in western Amazonia, contrary to 'Refugia Hypothesis', is maintained under relatively stable climatic conditions. In contrast, the glacial-interglacial climatic perturbations might have been instances of loss rather than gain in biodiversity in eastern Amazonia, where forests may have been more susceptible to fragmentation in response to larger swings in hydroclimate.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Biogeography
                J Biogeogr
                Wiley
                0305-0270
                1365-2699
                September 20 2019
                September 20 2019
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Programa de Pós‐graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Manaus Brazil
                [2 ]Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Programa de Coleções Científicas Biológicas Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Manaus Brazil
                [3 ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
                [4 ]Coordenação de Zoologia Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém Brazil
                [5 ]Instituto de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal do Pará Belém Brazil
                [6 ]Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                10.1111/jbi.13676
                48bdc2fe-2952-4d38-bc5d-3b70234eb730
                © 2019

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                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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