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      Animal models of vertical bone augmentation (Review)

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          Abstract

          Vertical bone augmentation is an important challenge in dental implantology. Existing vertical bone augmentation techniques, along with bone grafting materials, have achieved certain clinical progress but continue to have numerous limitations. In order to evaluate the possibility of using biomaterials to develop bone substitutes, medical devices and/or new bone grafting techniques for vertical bone augmentation, it is essential to establish clinically relevant animal models to investigate their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, applicability and safety. The present review discusses recent animal experiments related to vertical bone augmentation. In addition, surgical protocols for establishing relevant preclinical models with various animal species were reviewed. The present study aims to provide guidance for selecting experimental animal models of vertical bone augmentation.

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          Bone development.

          Agnes D Berendsen, Bjorn R. Olsen (2015)
          The development of the vertebrate skeleton reflects its evolutionary history. Cartilage formation came before biomineralization and a head skeleton evolved before the formation of axial and appendicular skeletal structures. This review describes the processes that result in endochondral and intramembranous ossification, the important roles of growth and transcription factors, and the consequences of mutations in some of the genes involved. Following a summary of the origin of cartilage, muscle, and tendon cell lineages in the axial skeleton, we discuss the role of muscle forces in the formation of skeletal architecture and assembly of musculoskeletal functional units. Finally, ontogenetic patterning of bones in response to mechanical loading is reviewed.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
          Article 0 comments Cited 197 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Interspecies differences in bone composition, density, and quality: potential implications for in vivo bone research.

            J Dequeker, S. Boonen, G Lowet … (1998)
            This study compares bone composition, density, and quality in bone samples derived from seven vertebrates that are commonly used in bone research: human, dog, pig, cow, sheep, chicken, and rat. Cortical femoral bone samples were analyzed for their content of ash, collagen, extractable proteins, and insulin-like growth factor-I. These parameters were also measured in bone powder fractions that were obtained after separation of bone particles according to their density. Large interspecies differences were observed in all analyses. Of all species included in the biochemical analyses, rat bone was most different, whereas canine bone best resembled human bone. In addition, bone density and mechanical testing analyses were performed on cylindrical trabecular bone cores. Both analyses demonstrated large interspecies variations. The lowest bone density and fracture stress values were found in the human samples; porcine and canine bone best resembled these samples. The relative contribution of bone density to bone mechanical competence was largely species-dependent. Together, the data reported here suggest that interspecies differences are likely to be found in other clinical and experimental bone parameters and should therefore be considered when choosing an appropriate animal model for bone research.
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              "PASS" principles for predictable bone regeneration.

              Lakshmi Boyapati, Hom-Lay Wang (2006)
              Guided bone regeneration is a well-established technique used for augmentation of deficient alveolar ridges. Predictable regeneration requires both a high level of technical skill and a thorough understanding of underlying principles of wound healing. This article describes the 4 major biologic principles (i.e., PASS) necessary for predictable bone regeneration: primary wound closure to ensure undisturbed and uninterrupted wound healing, angiogenesis to provide necessary blood supply and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, space maintenance/creation to facilitate adequate space for bone ingrowth, and stability of wound and implant to induce blood clot formation and uneventful healing events. In addition, a novel flap design and clinical cases using this principle are presented.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Exp Ther Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Exp Ther Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ETM
                Title: Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
                Publisher: D.A. Spandidos
                ISSN (Print): 1792-0981
                ISSN (Electronic): 1792-1015
                Publication date (Print): September 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 June 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 30 June 2021
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 919
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
                [2 ]Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr Xianqi Li, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan xianqi.li@ 123456mdu.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: ETM-0-0-10351
                DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10351
                PMC ID: 8290405
                PubMed ID: 34335880
                SO-VID: 44e5337b-8eb9-47ad-b48d-a4f0e05da900
                Copyright © Copyright: © Zhang et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 08 February 2021
                Date accepted : 10 June 2021
                Funding
                Funding: The present study was supported by the Scientific Research Project Plan of the Health Commission of Shanxi Province (grant no. 2017119).
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: animal models,vertical bone augmentation,bone ring technique,guided bone regeneration,biomaterials,preclinical experiment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: animal models, vertical bone augmentation, bone ring technique, guided bone regeneration, biomaterials, preclinical experiment

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