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      Ventilación mecánica de protección pulmonar y diafragmática en terapia intensiva Translated title: Ventilação mecânica para proteção pulmonar e diafragmática em terapia intensiva Translated title: Mechanical ventilation for lung and diaphragm protection in intensive care

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          Abstract

          Resumen: El enfermo crítico con ventilación mecánica presenta múltiples cambios deletéreos en la estructura y función del diafragma, denominados colectivamente disfunción diafragmática inducida por ventilador. Existen cuatro posibles mecanismos de miotrauma diafragmático: sobreasistencia ventilatoria, baja asistencia ventilatoria, miotrauma excéntrico y miotrauma espiratorio; los procesos moleculares y celulares subyacentes incluyen disfunción metabólica, estrés oxidativo mitocondrial y desequilibrio en la homeostasis proteica que culmina en atrofia diafragmática. La creciente comprensión en los mecanismos del miotrauma diafragmático, lesión pulmonar inducida por ventilador y lesión pulmonar autoinfligida da pie a un enfoque de ventilación mecánica en terapia intensiva que integre medidas de protección pulmonar y diafragmática: drive respiratorio, esfuerzo respiratorio, presión transpulmonar, presión intraabdominal, presión positiva al final de la espiración, manejo de asincronías, oxigenación y analgesia-sedación, además de considerar el tratamiento médico de las condiciones concurrentes con el objetivo de favorecer la liberación de la ventilación mecánica (VM), prevenir la discapacidad a largo plazo y aumentar la supervivencia, así como fomentar futuras investigaciones para la implementación en el entorno clínico.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: O paciente em estado grave com ventilação mecânica apresenta múltiplas alterações deletérias na estrutura e função do diafragma, denominadas coletivamente como disfunção diafragmática induzida pelo ventilador. Existem quatro mecanismos possíveis de miotrauma diafragmático: sobrecarga ventilatória, baixo suporte ventilatório, miotrauma excêntrico e miotrauma expiratório; processos moleculares e celulares subjacentes incluem disfunção metabólica, estresse oxidativo mitocondrial e desequilíbrio na homeostase proteica culminando na atrofia diafragmática. A crescente compreensão dos mecanismos de miotrauma diafragmático, lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilador e lesão pulmonar autoinfligida dá origem a uma abordagem de ventilação mecânica em Terapia Intensiva que integra medidas de proteção pulmonar e diafragmática: drive respiratório, esforço respiratório, pressão transpulmonar, intra-pressão abdominal, pressão positiva ao final da expiração, manejo da assincronia, oxigenação e analgesia-sedação, além de considerar o tratamento médico das condições concomitantes, com o objetivo de favorecer a liberação da VM, prevenir incapacidades a longo prazo e aumentar a sobrevivência, bem como encorajar pesquisas futuras para implementação no ambiente clínico.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract: Critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation present multiple deleterious changes in the structure and function of the diaphragm, collectively called ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. There are four possible mechanisms of diaphragmatic myotrauma: ventilatory over-assistance, low ventilatory assistance, eccentric myotrauma and expiratory myotrauma; underlying molecular and cellular processes include metabolic dysfunction, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and imbalance in protein homeostasis culminating in diaphragmatic atrophy. The growing understanding of the mechanisms of diaphragmatic myotrauma, ventilator-induced pulmonary injury and self-inflicted pulmonary injury gives rise to a mechanical ventilation approach in intensive care that integrates pulmonary and diaphragmatic protection measures: Respiratory drive, respiratory effort, transpulmonary pressure, intraabdominal pressure , positive end-expiratory pressure, management of asynchronies, oxygenation and analgesia-sedation, in addition to considering the medical treatment of concurrent conditions, with the aim of favoring the release of MV, preventing long-term disability and increasing the survival, as well as encourage future research for implementation in the clinical setting.

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          Most cited references67

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          Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU

          To update and expand the 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the ICU.
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            Mechanical Ventilation to Minimize Progression of Lung Injury in Acute Respiratory Failure.

            Mechanical ventilation is used to sustain life in patients with acute respiratory failure. A major concern in mechanically ventilated patients is the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury, which is partially prevented by lung-protective ventilation. Spontaneously breathing, nonintubated patients with acute respiratory failure may have a high respiratory drive and breathe with large tidal volumes and potentially injurious transpulmonary pressure swings. In patients with existing lung injury, regional forces generated by the respiratory muscles may lead to injurious effects on a regional level. In addition, the increase in transmural pulmonary vascular pressure swings caused by inspiratory effort may worsen vascular leakage. Recent data suggest that these patients may develop lung injury that is similar to the ventilator-induced lung injury observed in mechanically ventilated patients. As such, we argue that application of a lung-protective ventilation, today best applied with sedation and endotracheal intubation, might be considered a prophylactic therapy, rather than just a supportive therapy, to minimize the progression of lung injury from a form of patient self-inflicted lung injury. This has important implications for the management of these patients.
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              Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis

              Supplemental oxygen is often administered liberally to acutely ill adults, but the credibility of the evidence for this practice is unclear. We systematically reviewed the efficacy and safety of liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy in acutely ill adults.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                mccmmc
                Medicina crítica (Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica)
                Med. crít. (Col. Mex. Med. Crít.)
                Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica A.C. (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                2448-8909
                2023
                : 37
                : 2
                : 122-133
                Affiliations
                [1] Villa de Álvarez orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1Hospital General de Zona No. 1 Mexico
                Article
                S2448-89092023000200122 S2448-8909(23)03700200122
                10.35366/110448
                44186aac-a411-41ab-95c5-f2555ca39b4f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 July 2022
                : 12 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 67, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

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                Temas de revisión

                atrofia,drive,ventilación mecánica,miotrauma,diafragma,atrophy,mechanical ventilation,myotrauma,diaphragm,ventilação mecânica

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