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      Infant Crying: Pattern of Weeping, Recognition of Emotion and Affective Reactions in Observers

      , ,
      The Spanish journal of psychology
      Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)

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          Abstract

          This study has three objectives: a) to describe the main differences in the crying patterns produced by the three affective states most closely related to crying: fear, anger and pain; b) to study the adults' accuracy in the recognition of the affective states related to the infant's crying, and c) to analyze the emotional reaction that infant crying elicits in the observers. Results reveal that the main differences appear in the ocular activity and in the pattern of weeping. The infants maintain their eyes open during the crying produced by fear and anger, but in the case of crying provoked by painful stimuli, the eyes remain closed almost all the time. In regard to the pattern of weeping, the crying gradually increase in the case of anger, but the weeping reaches its maximum intensity practically from the beginning in the case of pain and fear. In spite of these differences, it is not easy to know the cause that produces crying in infants, especially in the case of fear or anger. Although observers can't recognize the cause of crying, the emotional reaction is greater when the baby cries in pain than when the baby cries because of fear or anger.

          Abstract

          Este trabajo tiene tres objetivos: a) describir las diferencias en el patrón de llanto provocado por tres emociones características del llanto: miedo, enfado y dolor; b) estudiar el grado de precisión que tienen los adultos para reconocer la emoción que ha provocado el llanto y c) analizar la reacción afectiva de los observadores ante el llanto de los bebés. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que las principales diferencias se presentan en la actividad ocular y en la dinámica del llanto. Así, cuando los bebés lloran a causa del enfado, o por miedo, permanecen con los ojos abiertos, mientras que los mantienen cerrados durante todo el tiempo en el caso del dolor. En lo que se refiere a la dinámica del llanto, la intensidad se va incrementando gradualmente en el caso del enfado, mientras que aparece en su máxima intensidad desde el primer momento en el caso del dolor y del miedo. Pese a ello, no es fácil reconocer qué emoción es la que está provocando el llanto, especialmente con el enfado y miedo. Sin embargo, aunque no sepan reconocer la causa del llanto, el dolor provoca una reacción afectiva más intensa en los adultos que el enfado o miedo.

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          Most cited references25

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          Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli.

          Emotional reactions to naturally occurring sounds (e.g., screams, erotica, bombs, etc.) were investigated in two studies. In Experiment 1, subjects rated the pleasure and arousal elicited when listening to each of 60 sounds, followed by an incidental free recall task. The shape of the two-dimensional affective space defined by the mean ratings for each sound was similar to that previously obtained for pictures, and, like memory for pictures, free recall was highest for emotionally arousing stimuli. In Experiment 2, autonomic and facial electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded while a new group of subjects listened to the same set of sounds; the startle reflex was measured using visual probes. Listening to unpleasant sounds resulted in larger startle reflexes, more corrugator EMG activity, and larger heart rate deceleration compared with listening to pleasant sounds. Electrodermal reactions were larger for emotionally arousing than for neutral materials. Taken together, the data suggest that acoustic cues activate the appetitive and defensive motivational circuits underlying emotional expression in ways similar to pictures.
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            Neural circuits underlying crying and cry responding in mammals.

            Crying is a universal vocalization in human infants, as well as in the infants of other mammals. Little is known about the neural structures underlying cry production, or the circuitry that mediates a caregiver's response to cry sounds. In this review, the specific structures known or suspected to be involved in this circuit are identified, along with neurochemical systems and hormones for which evidence suggests a role in responding to infants and infant cries. In addition, evidence that crying elicits parental responses in different mammals is presented. An argument is made for including 'crying' as a functional category in the vocal repertoire of all mammalian infants (and the adults of some species). The prevailing neural model for crying production considers forebrain structures to be dispensable. However, evidence for the anterior cingulate gyrus in cry production, and this structure along with the amygdala and some other forebrain areas in responding to cries is presented.
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              An ethological analysis of human infant crying: answering Tinbergen's four questions.

              The proximate causes, survival value, ontogeny, and evolutionary history of human infant crying are examined. Experiments and field observations involving infant distress vocalizations and begging calls in avian, mammalian, and nonhuman primate species are considered, as are ethnographic records of infant care and responses to crying in nonindustrialized societies. It is argued that human infant crying evolved as a primarily acoustic, graded signal, that it is a fairly reliable, if imperfect, indicator of need for parental care and that its primary function is to promote parental caregiving. Selection pressures that may have shaped the evolution of crying and its potential for corruption through dishonesty also are discussed. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                applab
                The Spanish journal of psychology
                Span. j. psychol.
                Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
                1988-2904
                November 2012
                January 10 2013
                November 2012
                : 15
                : 03
                : 978-988
                Article
                10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39389
                23156907
                42e17067-f776-46fa-903f-ae8ef654bb94
                © 2012
                History

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