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      3-D-Analyse von posttraumatischen Tibiaschaftfehlstellungen und deren Korrektur anhand der gesunden Gegenseite Translated title: Three-dimensional analysis of posttraumatic tibial shaft malunion and correction based on the healthy, contralateral leg

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          Abstract

          Grundlagen

          Die 3‑D-Analyse und Umsetzung mit patientenindividuellen Schnitt- und Repositionsblöcken ermöglicht die Korrektur komplexer Tibiafehlstellungen. Die Korrektur kann anhand der Gegenseite oder eines statistischen Modells geplant werden. Patientenspezifische 3‑D-gedruckte Schnittführungsblöcke ermöglichen eine präzise Osteotomie, und Repositionsblöcke helfen, eine anatomische Reposition zu erreichen. Je nach Art und Ausmaß der Korrektur muss eine Fibulaosteotomie erwogen werden, um eine Korrektur in der gewünschten Reposition zu erreichen.

          Kontraindikationen

          a) Schlechte Weichteilsituation, Vorsicht insbesondere bei adhärenter Haut und Lappenplastiken im Zugangsbereich; b) Infektionen; c) periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit (Stadium III und IV, kritischer transkutaner Sauerstoffpartialdruck tcpO 2 im Operationsgebiet); d) allgemeine Kontraindikation einer Operation.

          Operationstechnik

          Vor der Operation wird ein 3‑D-Modell beider Unterschenkel anhand von CT-Daten erstellt. Analyse der Deformität anhand der Gegenseite im 3‑D-Computermodell (CASPA) und Planung der Osteotomie. Falls die Gegenseite eine Fehlstellung zeigt, kann ein statistisches Modell benutzt werden. Drucken der patientenspezifischen Schnittblöcke aus Nylon (PA2200) für die Osteotomie und Reposition. Die Operation erfolgt in Rückenlagerung, Antibiotikaprophylaxe präoperativ, Oberschenkelblutsperre, welche bei Bedarf aktiviert wird. Ventrolateraler Zugang zur Tibia. Anbringen des patientenspezifischen Schnittblocks, Durchführung der Osteotomie. Reposition über den Repositionsblock und Fixieren mittels medialer Platte. Falls die Fibula die Reposition behindert, erfolgt eine Fibulaosteotomie in der Regel über einen separaten lateralen Zugang. Je nach Präferenz des Operateurs kann diese ebenfalls mit patientenspezifischen Schnittblöcken erfolgen. Verschluss der Wunde.

          Postoperatives Management

          Kompartmentüberwachung. Passive Mobilisation des oberen Sprunggelenks aus dem Gips, sobald die Wundheilung fortgeschritten ist. Teilbelastung im abnehmbaren Unterschenkelgips für mindestens 6 bis 12 Wochen, abhängig von der routinemäßig durchgeführten Röntgenkontrolle 6 Wochen postoperativ. Bis zur Gipsabnahme Thromboseprophylaxe mittels niedermolekularen Heparins.

          Ergebnisse

          Die patientenspezifische Korrektur der Fehlheilung ermöglicht im Allgemeinen eine gute Korrektur. Für die distalen Korrekturen der Tibia wurden gute Ergebnisse erzielt. Für die Korrektur von Tibiaschaftdeformitäten sind die endgültigen Ergebnisse noch ausstehend. Vorläufige Ergebnisse zeigen eine gute Machbarkeit mit einer Pseudarthrosenrate von 10 % ohne postoperative Infekte.

          Translated abstract

          Objective

          Three-dimensional (3D) analysis and implementation with patient-specific cutting and repositioning blocks enables correction of complex tibial malunions. Correction can be planned using the contralateral side or a statistical model. Patient-specific 3D-printed cutting guide blocks enable a precise osteotomy and reduction guide blocks help to achieve anatomical reduction. Depending on the type and extent of correction, fibula osteotomy may need to be considered to achieve the desired reduction.

          Contraindications

          a) Poor soft tissue (flap surgery, adherent skin in field of operation); b) infection; c) peripheral artery disease (stage III and IV classified according to Fontaine, critical transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure, TcPO 2); d) general contraindication to surgery.

          Surgical technique

          Before surgery, a 3D model of both lower legs is created based on computed tomography (CT) scans. Analysis of the deformity based on the contralateral side in a 3D computer model (CASPA) and planning of the osteotomy. If the contralateral side also has a deformity, a statistical model can be used. Printing of patient-specific guides made of nylon (PA2200) for the osteotomy and reduction. Surgery is performed in supine position, antibiotic prophylaxis, thigh tourniquet, which is used as needed. Ventrolateral approach to the tibia. Attachment of the patient-specific osteotomy guide, performance of the osteotomy. Reduction using the guide. Fibula osteotomy through a lateral approach is performed if the reduction of the tibia is hindered by the fibula. This can be performed freehand or with patient-specific guides. Wound closure.

          Postoperative management

          Compartment monitoring. Passive mobilization of the ankle in the cast as soon as the wound healing has progressed. Partial weightbearing in a lower leg cast for at least 6–12 weeks, depending on the routinely performed radiographic assessment 6 weeks postoperatively. Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin until cast removal.

          Results

          Patient-specific correction of malunions are generally good. This could be confirmed for distal tibial corrections. For tibial shaft deformities, the final results are still pending. Preliminary results, however, show good feasibility with a pseudarthrosis rate of 10% without postoperative infection.

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          Most cited references20

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          Tibia shaft fractures: costly burden of nonunions

          Background Tibia shaft fractures (TSF) are common for men and women and cause substantial morbidity, healthcare use, and costs. The impact of nonunions on healthcare use and costs is poorly described. Our goal was to investigate patient characteristics and healthcare use and costs associated with TSF in patients with and without nonunion. Methods We retrospectively analyzed medical claims in large U.S. managed care claims databases (Thomson Reuters MarketScan®, 16 million lives). We studied patients ≥ 18 years old with a TSF diagnosis (ICD-9 codes: 823.20, 823.22, 823.30, 823.32) in 2006 with continuous pharmaceutical and medical benefit enrollment 1 year prior and 2 years post-fracture. Nonunion was defined by ICD-9 code 733.82 (after the TSF date). Results Among the 853 patients with TSF, 99 (12%) had nonunion. Patients with nonunion had more comorbidities (30 vs. 21, pre-fracture) and were more likely to have their TSF open (87% vs. 70%) than those without nonunion. Patients with nonunion were more likely to have additional fractures during the 2-year follow-up (of lower limb [88.9% vs. 69.5%, P < 0.001], spine or trunk [16.2% vs. 7.2%, P = 0.002], and skull [5.1% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.008]) than those without nonunion. Nonunion patients were more likely to use various types of surgical care, inpatient care (tibia and non-tibia related: 65% vs. 40%, P < 0.001) and outpatient physical therapy (tibia-related: 60% vs. 42%, P < 0.001) than those without nonunion. All categories of care (except emergency room costs) were more expensive in nonunion patients than in those without nonunion: median total care cost $25,556 vs. $11,686, P < 0.001. Nonunion patients were much more likely to be prescribed pain medications (99% vs. 92%, P = 0.009), especially strong opioids (90% vs. 76.4%, P = 0.002) and had longer length of opioid therapy (5.4 months vs. 2.8 months, P < 0.001) than patients without nonunion. Tibia fracture patterns in men differed from those in women. Conclusions Nonunions in TSF’s are associated with substantial healthcare resource use, common use of strong opioids, and high per-patient costs. Open fractures are associated with higher likelihood of nonunion than closed ones. Effective screening of nonunion risk may decrease this morbidity and subsequent healthcare resource use and costs.
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            Principles of Deformity Correction

            Dror Paley (2002)
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              Accuracy of 3D-planned patient specific instrumentation in high tibial open wedge valgisation osteotomy

              Purpose High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an effective treatment option in early osteoarthritis. However, preoperative planning and surgical execution can be challenging. Computer assisted three-dimensional (3D) planning and patient-specific instruments (PSI) might be helpful tools in achieving successful outcomes. Goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of HTO using PSI. Methods All medial open wedge PSI-HTO between 2014 and 2016 were reviewed. Using pre- and postoperative radiographs, hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) and posterior tibial slope (PTS) were determined two-dimensionally (2D) to calculate 2D accuracy. Using postoperative CT-data, 3D surface models of the tibias were reconstructed and superimposed with the planning to calculate 3D accuracy. Results Twenty-three patients could be included. A mean correction of HKA of 9.7° ± 2.6° was planned. Postoperative assessment of HKA correction showed a mean correction of 8.9° ± 3.2°, resulting in a 2D accuracy for HKA correction of 0.8° ± 1.5°. The postoperative PTS changed by 1.7° ± 2.2°. 3D accuracy showed average 3D rotational differences of − 0.1° ± 2.3° in coronal plane, − 0.2° ± 2.3° in transversal plane, and 1.3° ± 2.1° in sagittal plane, whereby 3D translational differences were calculated as 0.1 mm ± 1.3 mm in coronal plane, − 0.1 ± 0.6 mm in transversal plane, and − 0.1 ± 0.6 mm in sagittal plane. Conclusion The use of PSI in HTO results in accurate correction of mechanical leg axis. In contrast to the known problem of unintended PTS changes in conventional HTO, just slight changes of PTS could be observed using PSI. The use of PSI in HTO might be preferable to obtain desired correction of HKA and to maintain PTS.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                arnd.viehoefer@balgrist.ch
                Journal
                Oper Orthop Traumatol
                Oper Orthop Traumatol
                Operative Orthopadie Und Traumatologie
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0934-6694
                1439-0981
                12 September 2023
                12 September 2023
                2023
                : 35
                : 5
                : 239-247
                Affiliations
                Universitätsklinik Balgrist, ( https://ror.org/02yzaka98) Forchstr. 340, 8008 Zürich, Schweiz
                Author notes
                [Herausgeber]

                Andreas B. Imhoff, München

                [Zeichnungen]

                Dr. Katja Dalkowski, Buckenhof

                Article
                821
                10.1007/s00064-023-00821-x
                10520191
                37700197
                41d4ea2a-8853-4b7b-9b6f-cefabebe055d
                © The Author(s) 2023

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                History
                : 19 October 2022
                : 21 January 2023
                : 24 January 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Zurich
                Categories
                Operative Techniken
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2023

                fehlstellung der tibia,patientenspezifische instrumentierung,korrekturosteotomie,3-d fehlstellungskorrektur des unterschenkels,single cut osteotomie,tibia malunion,patient specific instrumentation,corrective osteotomy,3d correction of the lower leg,single cut osteotomy

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