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      The turn of the screw: variations of the abundant beta-solenoid motif in passenger domains of Type V secretory proteins.

      Journal of Structural Biology
      Adhesins, Bacterial, chemistry, genetics, metabolism, Amino Acid Sequence, Computational Biology, methods, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Structure, Secondary, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Virulence Factors, Bordetella

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          Abstract

          Many virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria are secreted by the Type V secretion system via the autotransporter (AT) and two-partner secretion (TPS) pathways. AT proteins effect their own secretion. They comprise three domains: the amino-terminal leader sequence; the secreted passenger domain; and the translocator domain that forms the secretory channel. In the TPS pathway, the passenger and translocator domains are translated as separate proteins. In a previous publication, we proposed a beta-helical structure for the TPS passenger domain of the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) of Bordetella pertussis which contains two tracts, R1 and R2, of 19-residue sequence repeats and built molecular models for the R1 and R2 beta-helices. Here, we compare the structure predicted for R1 with the recently determined crystal structure of a fragment containing three R1 repeats and find close agreement, with an RMSD of 1.1A. In the interim, the number of known AT and TPS protein sequences has increased to >1000. To investigate the incidence of beta-helical structures among them, we carried out a sequence-based analysis and conclude that, despite wide diversity in the sizes and sequences of passenger domains, most of them contain beta-solenoids that we classify into thirteen types based on distinctive properties of their beta-coils (repeat length, numbers and lengths of beta-strands and turns, cross-sectional shape, presence of specific residues in certain positions) summarized in a 2D coil template. Some coil types are typical for conventional AT proteins, others, for TPS or trimeric AT proteins. Some beta-solenoids consist of stacked subdomains with coils of different types. To illustrate model-building from a coil template, we modeled a type-T4 beta-solenoid for TibA of Escherichia coli which is predicted to have two conserved polar residues, Thr and Gln, in interior positions.

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