Maternal blood cadmium, lead and arsenic levels, nutrient combinations, and offspring birthweight

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Abstract

Background

Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) are common environmental contaminants that have been associated with lower birthweight. Although some essential metals may mitigate exposure, data are inconsistent. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between toxic metals, nutrient combinations and birthweight among 275 mother-child pairs.

Methods

Non-essential metals, Cd, Pb, As, and essential metals, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) were measured in maternal whole blood obtained during the first trimester using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Folate concentrations were measured by microbial assay. Birthweight was obtained from medical records. We used quantile regression to evaluate the association between toxic metals and nutrients due to their underlying wedge-shaped relationship. Ordinary linear regression was used to evaluate associations between birth weight and toxic metals.

Results

After multivariate adjustment, the negative association between Pb or Cd and a combination of Fe, Se, Ca and folate was robust, persistent and dose-dependent ( p < 0.05). However, a combination of Zn, Cu, Mn and Mg was positively associated with Pb and Cd levels. While prenatal blood Cd and Pb were also associated with lower birthweight. Fe, Se, Ca and folate did not modify these associations.

Conclusion

Small sample size and cross-sectional design notwithstanding, the robust and persistent negative associations between some, but not all, nutrient combinations with these ubiquitous environmental contaminants suggest that only some recommended nutrient combinations may mitigate toxic metal exposure in chronically exposed populations. Larger longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4225-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 97

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Regression Quantiles

Roger Koenker, Gilbert Bassett (1978)

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High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006.

Cynthia Ogden, Margaret Carroll, Katherine Flegal (2008)

The prevalence of overweight among US children and adolescents increased between 1980 and 2004. To estimate the prevalence of 3 measures of high body mass index (BMI) for age (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) and to examine recent trends for US children and adolescents using national data with measured heights and weights. Height and weight measurements were obtained from 8165 children and adolescents as part of the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), nationally representative surveys of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population. Prevalence of BMI for age at or above the 97th percentile, at or above the 95th percentile, and at or above the 85th percentile of the 2000 sex-specific Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age growth charts among US children by age, sex, and racial/ethnic group. Because no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of high BMI for age were found between estimates for 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, data for the 4 years were combined to provide more stable estimates for the most recent time period. Overall, in 2003-2006, 11.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7%-12.9%) of children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years were at or above the 97th percentile of the 2000 BMI-for-age growth charts, 16.3% (95% CI, 14.5%-18.1%) were at or above the 95th percentile, and 31.9% (95% CI, 29.4%-34.4%) were at or above the 85th percentile. Prevalence estimates varied by age and by racial/ethnic group. Analyses of the trends in high BMI for age showed no statistically significant trend over the 4 time periods (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006) for either boys or girls (P values between .07 and .41). The prevalence of high BMI for age among children and adolescents showed no significant changes between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 and no significant trends between 1999 and 2006.

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Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood.

Stephen R Daniels, Frank R. Greer (2008)

This clinical report replaces the 1998 policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics on cholesterol in childhood, which has been retired. This report has taken on new urgency given the current epidemic of childhood obesity with the subsequent increasing risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in older children and adults. The approach to screening children and adolescents with a fasting lipid profile remains a targeted approach. Overweight children belong to a special risk category of children and are in need of cholesterol screening regardless of family history or other risk factors. This report reemphasizes the need for prevention of cardiovascular disease by following Dietary Guidelines for Americans and increasing physical activity and also includes a review of the pharmacologic agents and indications for treating dyslipidemia in children.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Yiwen Luo: Yluo4@ncsu.edu

Lauren E. McCullough: lauren.mccullough@emory.edu

Jung-Ying Tzeng: +919-513-2723 , jytzeng@ncsu.edu

Thomas Darrah: darrah.24@osu.edu

Avner Vengosh: vengosh@duke.edu

Rachel L. Maguire: rlmaguir@ncsu.edu

Arnab Maity: amaity@ncsu.edu

Carmen Samuel-Hodge: cdsamuel@email.unc.edu

Susan K. Murphy: susan.murphy@duke.edu

Michelle A. Mendez: mmendez@email.unc.edu

Cathrine Hoyo: +919-515-0540 , choyo@ncsu.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Public Health

Title: BMC Public Health

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458

Publication date (Electronic): 24 April 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 24 April 2017

Publication date Collection: 2017

Volume: 17

Electronic Location Identifier: 354

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2173 6074, GRID grid.40803.3f, Bioinformatics Research Center, , North Carolina State University, ; Raleigh, NC USA

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0941 6502, GRID grid.189967.8, Department of Epidemiology, , Emory University, ; Atlanta, GA USA

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2173 6074, GRID grid.40803.3f, Department of Statistics, , North Carolina State University, ; Raleigh, NC USA

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0639 0054, GRID grid.412040.3, Department of Statistics, , National Cheng-Kung University, ; Tainan, Taiwan

[5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2285 7943, GRID grid.261331.4, School of Earth Sciences, , The Ohio State University, ; Columbus, OH USA

[6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, GRID grid.26009.3d, Nicholas School of the Environment, , Duke University, ; Durham, NC USA

[7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2173 6074, GRID grid.40803.3f, Department of Biological Sciences, , North Carolina State University, ; Raleigh, NC 27533 USA

[8 ]ISNI 0000000122483208, GRID grid.10698.36, Department of Nutrition, , UNC, ; Chapel Hill, NC USA

[9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7961, GRID grid.26009.3d, Department of OBGYN, , Duke University, ; Durham, NC USA

Article

Publisher ID: 4225

DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4225-8

PMC ID: 5402649

PubMed ID: 28438148

SO-VID: 3fc5c5f2-0850-44a2-8375-e99532e30291

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 16 September 2016

Date accepted : 5 April 2017

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;

Award ID: R01-ES016772

Award ID: P30 ES025128

Award Recipient : Cathrine Hoyo

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000054, National Cancer Institute;

Award ID: R25CA057726

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

Keywords: toxic metals,dietary nutrients,birthweight,epidemiology

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

Keywords: toxic metals, dietary nutrients, birthweight, epidemiology

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Maternal blood cadmium, lead and arsenic levels, nutrient combinations, and offspring birthweight

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Abstract

Background

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Conclusion

Electronic supplementary material

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AIP Publishing: Coronavirus

Most cited references 97

Regression Quantiles

High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006.

Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood.

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Cited by 32

Most referenced authors 1,401