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      Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol

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          Abstract

          Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main pharmacologically active phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa L. CBD is non-psychoactive but exerts a number of beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The chemistry and pharmacology of CBD, as well as various molecular targets, including cannabinoid receptors and other components of the endocannabinoid system with which it interacts, have been extensively studied. In addition, preclinical and clinical studies have contributed to our understanding of the therapeutic potential of CBD for many diseases, including diseases associated with oxidative stress. Here, we review the main biological effects of CBD, and its synthetic derivatives, focusing on the cellular, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of CBD.

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          Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal

          Antonio Ayala, Mario F Muñoz, Sandro Argüelles (2014)
          Lipid peroxidation can be described generally as a process under which oxidants such as free radicals attack lipids containing carbon-carbon double bond(s), especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Over the last four decades, an extensive body of literature regarding lipid peroxidation has shown its important role in cell biology and human health. Since the early 1970s, the total published research articles on the topic of lipid peroxidation was 98 (1970–1974) and has been increasing at almost 135-fold, by up to 13165 in last 4 years (2010–2013). New discoveries about the involvement in cellular physiology and pathology, as well as the control of lipid peroxidation, continue to emerge every day. Given the enormity of this field, this review focuses on biochemical concepts of lipid peroxidation, production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of two main omega-6 fatty acids lipid peroxidation products: malondialdehyde (MDA) and, in particular, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), summarizing not only its physiological and protective function as signaling molecule stimulating gene expression and cell survival, but also its cytotoxic role inhibiting gene expression and promoting cell death. Finally, overviews of in vivo mammalian model systems used to study the lipid peroxidation process, and common pathological processes linked to MDA and 4-HNE are shown.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1026 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health

            Gabriele Pizzino, Natasha Irrera, Mariapaola Cucinotta … (2017)
            Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products. ROS can play, and in fact they do it, several physiological roles (i.e., cell signaling), and they are normally generated as by-products of oxygen metabolism; despite this, environmental stressors (i.e., UV, ionizing radiations, pollutants, and heavy metals) and xenobiotics (i.e., antiblastic drugs) contribute to greatly increase ROS production, therefore causing the imbalance that leads to cell and tissue damage (oxidative stress). Several antioxidants have been exploited in recent years for their actual or supposed beneficial effect against oxidative stress, such as vitamin E, flavonoids, and polyphenols. While we tend to describe oxidative stress just as harmful for human body, it is true as well that it is exploited as a therapeutic approach to treat clinical conditions such as cancer, with a certain degree of clinical success. In this review, we will describe the most recent findings in the oxidative stress field, highlighting both its bad and good sides for human health.
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              Lipid peroxidation in cell death.

              Michael M. Gaschler, Brent R. Stockwell (2017)
              Disruption of redox homeostasis is a key phenotype of many pathological conditions. Though multiple oxidizing compounds such as hydrogen peroxide are widely recognized as mediators and inducers of oxidative stress, increasingly, attention is focused on the role of lipid hydroperoxides as critical mediators of death and disease. As the main component of cellular membranes, lipids have an indispensible role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells. Excessive oxidation of lipids alters the physical properties of cellular membranes and can cause covalent modification of proteins and nucleic acids. This review discusses the synthesis, toxicity, degradation, and detection of lipid peroxides in biological systems. Additionally, the role of lipid peroxidation is highlighted in cell death and disease, and strategies to control the accumulation of lipid peroxides are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antioxidants
                Title: Antioxidants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3921
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 December 2019
                Publication date Collection: January 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 21
                Affiliations
                Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; sinemyiz.atalay@ 123456umb.edu.pl (S.A.); iwona.jarocka-karpowicz@ 123456umb.edu.pl (I.J.-K.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: elzbieta.skrzydlewska@ 123456umb.edu.pl ; Tel.: +48-857-485-882
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-4297
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5397-7139
                Article
                Publisher ID: antioxidants-09-00021
                DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010021
                PMC ID: 7023045
                PubMed ID: 31881765
                SO-VID: 3e867f9c-6f2e-4f7b-a0db-fb1eb9cab0b9
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 November 2019
                Date accepted : 23 December 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: cannabidiol,cannabidiol synthetic derivatives,endocannabinoids,oxidative stress,lipid peroxidation,inflammation,membrane receptors
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cannabidiol, cannabidiol synthetic derivatives, endocannabinoids, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, membrane receptors

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