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      Worry from contracting COVID-19 infection and its stigma among Egyptian health care providers

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          Abstract

          Backgrounds

          Healthcare providers (HCPs) in COVID-19 epidemic face stressful workload of disease management, shortage of protective equipment and high risk of infection and mortality. These stressors affect greatly their mental health. The aim is to identify working conditions among Egyptian HCPs during COVID-19 epidemic as well as stigma and worry perceptions from contracting COVID-19 infection and their predictors.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional study was conducted among 565 HCPs. Data was collected through Google online self-administered questionnaire comprised seven parts: demographics characteristics, knowledge and attitude of COVID-19, working condition, worry of contracting COVID-19 at work, discrimination intention at work for COVID-19 patients, stigma assessment using impact stigma, and internalized shame scales.

          Results

          The vast majority of HCPs (94.7%) were worried from contracting COVID-19 at work. Risk factors for perceiving severe worry from contracting COVID-19 were expecting infection as a severe illness, believing that infection will not be successfully controlled, improbability to continue working during the pandemic even if in a well/fit health, high discrimination intention and impact stigma scales. Significantly high impact stigma scores were detected among those aged < 30 years, females, workers primarily in sites susceptible for contracting COVID-19 infection, those had severe worry from contracting infection at work, and high internalized shame scale. The risk factors for perceiving higher internalized shame scores were not having a previous experience in working during a pandemic, high discrimination intention towards COVID-19 patients and high impact stigma scale.

          Conclusions

          Considerable levels of worry and stigma were detected among Egyptian HCPs during COVID-19 outbreak. The psychological aspect of health care providers should not be overlooked during epidemic; appropriate institutional mental health support should be provided especially for young HCPs, those without previous work experience in epidemic and those who work in high-risk units. Raising the community awareness about contribution of HCPs in fighting the epidemic might decrease stigmatization action toward HCPs.

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          Most cited references20

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          The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

          Samantha K. Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E. Smith … (2022)
          Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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            Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey

            Bao-Liang Zhong, Wei Luo, Hai-Mei Li … (2020)
            Unprecedented measures have been adopted to control the rapid spread of the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in China. People's adherence to control measures is affected by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19. In this study, we investigated Chinese residents' KAP towards COVID-19 during the rapid rise period of the outbreak. An online sample of Chinese residents was successfully recruited via the authors' networks with residents and popular media in Hubei, China. A self-developed online KAP questionnaire was completed by the participants. The knowledge questionnaire consisted of 12 questions regarding the clinical characteristics and prevention of COVID-19. Assessments on residents' attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 included questions on confidence in winning the battle against COVID-19 and wearing masks when going out in recent days. Among the survey completers (n=6910), 65.7% were women, 63.5% held a bachelor degree or above, and 56.2% engaged in mental labor. The overall correct rate of the knowledge questionnaire was 90%. The majority of the respondents (97.1%) had confidence that China can win the battle against COVID-19. Nearly all of the participants (98.0%) wore masks when going out in recent days. In multiple logistic regression analyses, the COVID-19 knowledge score (OR: 0.75-0.90, P<0.001) was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of negative attitudes and preventive practices towards COVID-2019. Most Chinese residents of a relatively high socioeconomic status, in particular women, are knowledgeable about COVID-19, hold optimistic attitudes, and have appropriate practices towards COVID-19. Health education programs aimed at improving COVID-19 knowledge are helpful for Chinese residents to hold optimistic attitudes and maintain appropriate practices. Due to the limited sample representativeness, we must be cautious when generalizing these findings to populations of a low socioeconomic status.
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              Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak.

              YaMei Bai, Chao-Cheng Lin, Chih-Yuan Lin … (2004)
              The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was unique because it was highly concentrated in health care settings and a large number of health care workers were infected. This study investigated stress reactions among 338 staff members in a hospital in East Taiwan that discontinued emergency and outpatient services to prevent possible nosocomial outbreak. Seventeen staff members (5 percent) suffered from an acute stress disorder; stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis determined that quarantine was the most related factor. Sixty-six staff members (20 percent) felt stigmatized and rejected in their neighborhood because of their hospital work, and 20 of 218 health care workers (9 percent) reported reluctance to work or had considered resignation.
              Article 0 comments Cited 422 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Doaa Mohamed Osman: doaamouhammed@aun.edu.eg
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Egypt Public Health Assoc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Egypt Public Health Assoc
                Title: Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0013-2446
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-262X
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 January 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 January 2022
                Publication date Collection: December 2022
                Volume: 97
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.252487.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8632 679X, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, , Assiut University, ; Assiut, Egypt
                [2 ]GRID grid.252487.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8632 679X, Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, , Assiut University, ; Assiut, Egypt
                [3 ]GRID grid.252487.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8632 679X, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, , Assiut University, ; Assiut, Egypt
                [4 ]GRID grid.13097.3c, ISNI 0000 0001 2322 6764, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, , Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, ; London, UK
                [5 ]GRID grid.252487.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8632 679X, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, , Assiut University, ; Assiut, Egypt
                Article
                Publisher ID: 99
                DOI: 10.1186/s42506-021-00099-6
                PMC ID: 8744032
                PubMed ID: 35006408
                SO-VID: 3e17cf65-22fc-479b-a34a-6b8b587b608f
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 24 September 2020
                Date accepted : 11 December 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                Keywords: health care providers,egypt,worry,stigma,covid-19
                Data availability:
                Keywords: health care providers, egypt, worry, stigma, covid-19

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