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      Physical Properties of Polyamide-12 versus PMMA Denture Base Material

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          Abstract

          Objectives. Polyamide-12 (PA) is a flexible material suited for denture bases and clasping. This study investigated its potential aging effects with a focus on surface roughness, color stability, and elasticity. Methods. PA specimens (Valplast) of 40 × 10 × 2 mm and equally measuring PMMA specimens (Palapress) as control were fabricated. Color changes after storage in air, water, coffee, and red wine ( n = 10) were measured using the CIE L* a* b* color specification. Elasticity after thermocycling (1000, 3000, and 7000 cycles,   n = 15) was measured by three-point bending testing. Mean surface roughness (Ra) was determined after storage in the liquids mentioned above and thermocycling ( n = 10). Results. Tukey's HSD test ( P < 0.05) revealed statistically significant color changes of PA in red wine (Δ E = 4.27 after 12 days, Δ E = 6.90 after 12 days) and coffee (Δ E = 3.93 after 36 days) but no color changes in PMMA. Elastic modulus of PA was 845 MPa and not affected by thermocycling (Tukey's HSD test,   P > 0.81). Dry specimens showed significantly decreased elasticity ( P < 0.001). Mean surface roughness (PA 0.20  μ m, PMMA 0.28  μ m) did not change significantly after thermocycling or storage (Mann-Whitney U-test,  0.16 < P < 0.65). Significance. PA exhibited a higher susceptibility to discoloration than PMMA. Neither surface roughness nor elasticity of PA was altered by artificial aging.

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          Influence of food-simulating solutions and surface finish on susceptibility to staining of aesthetic restorative materials.

          R. Bagheri, M Tyas, Heather M. Burrow (2005)
          To determine the degree of surface staining of resin-based composites (RBCs) and glass-ionomer cements (GICs) after immersion in various stains and food-simulating solutions (FSS). Six tooth-coloured restorative materials were used: a light-cured microfilled RBC (Durafil, Kulzer), a light-cured microglass RBC (Charisma, Kulzer), a polyacid-modified RBC (F2000, 3M/ESPE), a conventional GIC (Fuji IX, GC) and two resin-modified GICs (Fuji II LC, GC; Photac Fil, 3M/ESPE). Disk-shaped specimens were prepared and tested with either a matrix finish or polished using wet silicon carbide papers up to 2000 grit. All specimens were immersed in 37 degrees C distilled water for 1 week, followed by three different FSS (water, 10% ethanol, Crodamol GTCC) and five stains (red wine, coffee, tea, soy sauce and cola) for a further 2 weeks. Three specimens of each material for each stain were tested. Colour coefficients (CIE L* a* b*) were measured by a spectrophotometer after each treatment. The change in colour (DeltaEn) was calculated using the formula: DeltaEn=[(DeltaLn+(Deltaa(n))2+(Deltab(n))2]1/2. Distilled water caused no perceptible colour change as tested by ANOVA and Tukey's tests. The effect of surface finish on staining was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There was no strong interaction between FSS and stains or between FSS and materials. There was a strong interaction between surface and material, and stain and material (P<0.001). All materials were susceptible to staining by all stains especially coffee, red wine and tea; Fuji IX showed the least susceptibility and F2000 the greatest.
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            Effects of different drinks on stainability of resin composite provisional restorative materials.

            Ahmet GÜLER, S Kurt, Fikret Yilmaz … (2005)
            The ability of tooth-colored restorative materials for provisional restorations to resist stains is important when interim prostheses are worn for a long period. Discoloration of provisional restorative materials may result in patient dissatisfaction and additional time and expense for replacement. However, the effect of different staining agents on the color difference of resin composite restorative materials has not been completely clarified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stainability of auto- and light-polymerized composite provisional restorative materials, reinforced microfill, and microhybrid resin composite restorative materials upon exposure to different staining agents. Forty-five cylindrical specimens (15 x 2 mm) were prepared for each of an autopolymerized bis-acryl composite provisional restorative material (Protemp II), a light-polymerized composite provisional restorative material (Revotek LC), a reinforced microfill (Micronew), and a microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250, Herculite XRV) restorative material, using a brass mold. The specimens were wet-ground with 1000-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper for 10 seconds. The 5 restorative material specimens were divided into 9 groups (n = 5) and stored for 24 hours at 37 degrees C in different types of solutions: water, coffee, coffee with sugar, tea, tea with sugar, coffee with artificial creamer and sugar, cola, red wine, or sour cherry juice. Color of all specimens was measured before and after exposure with a colorimeter using CIE L * a * b * relative, and color changes (DeltaE * ) were then calculated. The data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean values were compared by the Tukey HSD test (alpha = .05). The interaction of provisional restorative materials and staining agents was statistically significant ( P = .0001). For the 5 restorative materials tested, the lowest DeltaE * values were observed in the water, cola, and sour cherry juice groups. The highest color difference for all restorative materials was observed in the red wine groups. For microhybrid composite materials and light-polymerized composite provisional material, when tea and coffee groups with and without sugar were compared, both groups with sugar demonstrated a higher color difference than without sugar. When comparing the 5 different restorative materials, the reinforced microfill material group (Micronew) demonstrated significantly less color change than the other materials tested. The highest color difference in this study was observed for specimens in the light-polymerized composite provisional material group (Revotek LC). The reinforced microfill restorative material tested was found significantly more color stable than the autopolymerized bis-acryl, light-polymerized composite provisional restorative materials, and microhybrid composites tested. The largest color difference was observed in the light-polymerized composite provisional material. The presence of sugar in coffee and tea increased the color difference compared to coffee or tea without sugar for light-polymerized composite provisional material and microhybrid composites.
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              Staining of resin-based veneering materials with coffee and tea.

              M. R. Um, I E Ruyter (1991)
              Two light-activated, and three heat-polymerized, resin-based veneering materials were exposed to boiled coffee, filtered coffee, or tea at 50 degrees C and evaluated for color stability. Specimens immersed in distilled water in the dark at 37 degrees C for 4 months were also assessed. One of the light-activated, resin-based veneering materials underwent intrinsic discoloration during the long-term immersion both in distilled water and in the staining solutions. The discoloration of the other materials by tea was mainly due to surface adsorption of the colorants. Discoloration by coffee was due to adsorption, and also to absorption of colorants by two of the materials investigated. This absorption and penetration of colorants into the organic phase of the veneering materials were probably due to compatibility of the polymer phase with the yellow colorants of coffee.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 March 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 150298
                Affiliations
                1Division of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 26 Krakowska street, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
                2Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Ali I. Abdalla

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6582-1879
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/150298
                PMC ID: 3966424
                PubMed ID: 24734225
                SO-VID: 3dad270e-0378-430c-ad9e-afd9b022db45
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Mieszko Wieckiewicz et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 November 2013
                Date revision received : 22 January 2014
                Date accepted : 22 January 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

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