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      Safety and efficacy of anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

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          Abstract

          Since the discovery of targeted therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been introduced as the first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who carry sensitizing ALK-activating mutations. Compared with conventional chemotherapeutic regimens, small-molecule ALK-TKIs exhibit excellent clinical efficacy in ALK-positive NSCLC. A series of studies have indicated that ALK-TKI agents as the first-line treatment, including crizotinib, ceritinib, brigatinib, alectinib and entrectinib, can benefit patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. However, resistance to ALK-TKIs has emerged. ALK-TKIs are associated with significantly disabling and undesirable effects that adversely impact quality of life and compliance. This study reviews the pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of ALK-TKI agents in order to summarize these effects as well as the relevant management strategies. It is worth emphasizing that the frequency and severity of an adverse effect often varies across different trials.

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          Alectinib versus Crizotinib in Untreated ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

          Ali Zeaiter, Tony Mok, Peter Morcos … (2017)
          Background Alectinib, a highly selective inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), has shown systemic and central nervous system (CNS) efficacy in the treatment of ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated alectinib as compared with crizotinib in patients with previously untreated, advanced ALK-positive NSCLC, including those with asymptomatic CNS disease. Methods In a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 303 patients with previously untreated, advanced ALK-positive NSCLC to receive either alectinib (600 mg twice daily) or crizotinib (250 mg twice daily). The primary end point was investigator-assessed progression-free survival. Secondary end points were independent review committee-assessed progression-free survival, time to CNS progression, objective response rate, and overall survival. Results During a median follow-up of 17.6 months (crizotinib) and 18.6 months (alectinib), an event of disease progression or death occurred in 62 of 152 patients (41%) in the alectinib group and 102 of 151 patients (68%) in the crizotinib group. The rate of investigator-assessed progression-free survival was significantly higher with alectinib than with crizotinib (12-month event-free survival rate, 68.4% [95% confidence interval (CI), 61.0 to 75.9] with alectinib vs. 48.7% [95% CI, 40.4 to 56.9] with crizotinib; hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.34 to 0.65]; P<0.001); the median progression-free survival with alectinib was not reached. The results for independent review committee-assessed progression-free survival were consistent with those for the primary end point. A total of 18 patients (12%) in the alectinib group had an event of CNS progression, as compared with 68 patients (45%) in the crizotinib group (cause-specific hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.28; P<0.001). A response occurred in 126 patients in the alectinib group (response rate, 82.9%; 95% CI, 76.0 to 88.5) and in 114 patients in the crizotinib group (response rate, 75.5%; 95% CI, 67.8 to 82.1) (P=0.09). Grade 3 to 5 adverse events were less frequent with alectinib (41% vs. 50% with crizotinib). Conclusions As compared with crizotinib, alectinib showed superior efficacy and lower toxicity in primary treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC. (Funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche; ALEX ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02075840 .).
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            First-line crizotinib versus chemotherapy in ALK-positive lung cancer.

            Benjamin Solomon, Tony Mok, Dong-Wan Kim … (2014)
            The efficacy of the ALK inhibitor crizotinib as compared with standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unknown. We conducted an open-label, phase 3 trial comparing crizotinib with chemotherapy in 343 patients with advanced ALK-positive nonsquamous NSCLC who had received no previous systemic treatment for advanced disease. Patients were randomly assigned to receive oral crizotinib at a dose of 250 mg twice daily or to receive intravenous chemotherapy (pemetrexed, 500 mg per square meter of body-surface area, plus either cisplatin, 75 mg per square meter, or carboplatin, target area under the curve of 5 to 6 mg per milliliter per minute) every 3 weeks for up to six cycles. Crossover to crizotinib treatment after disease progression was permitted for patients receiving chemotherapy. The primary end point was progression-free survival as assessed by independent radiologic review. Progression-free survival was significantly longer with crizotinib than with chemotherapy (median, 10.9 months vs. 7.0 months; hazard ratio for progression or death with crizotinib, 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35 to 0.60; P<0.001). Objective response rates were 74% and 45%, respectively (P<0.001). Median overall survival was not reached in either group (hazard ratio for death with crizotinib, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.54 to 1.26; P=0.36); the probability of 1-year survival was 84% with crizotinib and 79% with chemotherapy. The most common adverse events with crizotinib were vision disorders, diarrhea, nausea, and edema, and the most common events with chemotherapy were nausea, fatigue, vomiting, and decreased appetite. As compared with chemotherapy, crizotinib was associated with greater reduction in lung cancer symptoms and greater improvement in quality of life. Crizotinib was superior to standard first-line pemetrexed-plus-platinum chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated advanced ALK-positive NSCLC. (Funded by Pfizer; PROFILE 1014 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01154140.).
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              Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer.

              Manabu Soda, Young Choi, Munehiro Enomoto … (2007)
              Improvement in the clinical outcome of lung cancer is likely to be achieved by identification of the molecular events that underlie its pathogenesis. Here we show that a small inversion within chromosome 2p results in the formation of a fusion gene comprising portions of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts forced to express this human fusion tyrosine kinase generated transformed foci in culture and subcutaneous tumours in nude mice. The EML4-ALK fusion transcript was detected in 6.7% (5 out of 75) of NSCLC patients examined; these individuals were distinct from those harbouring mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Our data demonstrate that a subset of NSCLC patients may express a transforming fusion kinase that is a promising candidate for a therapeutic target as well as for a diagnostic molecular marker in NSCLC.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oncol Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oncol Rep
                Title: Oncology Reports
                Publisher: D.A. Spandidos
                ISSN (Print): 1021-335X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1791-2431
                Publication date (Print): January 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 November 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 November 2020
                Volume: 45
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 13-28
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Shanghai R&D Center, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
                [2 ]The State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Affiliated with Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, P.R. China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr Wen Wang, Shanghai R&D Center, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 118, Furonghua Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China, E-mail: wangwen@ 123456simcere.com ; ortho123@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: or-45-01-0013
                DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7851
                PMC ID: 7709813
                PubMed ID: 33200229
                SO-VID: 3d71649c-a02b-47b0-b04c-efa7abab1f7e
                Copyright © Copyright: © Wang et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 26 February 2020
                Date accepted : 31 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors,crizotinib,ceritinib,brigatinib,alectinib,lorlatinib,entrectinib,safety,non-small cell,efficacy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors, crizotinib, ceritinib, brigatinib, alectinib, lorlatinib, entrectinib, safety, non-small cell, efficacy

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