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      Porcine enteric coronaviruses: an updated overview of the pathogenesis, prevalence, and diagnosis

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          Abstract

          The recent prevalence of coronavirus (CoV) poses a serious threat to animal and human health. Currently, porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECs), including the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the novel emerging swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), and re-emerging porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), which infect pigs of different ages, have caused more frequent occurrences of diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration with high morbidity and mortality in piglets. PECs have the potential for cross-species transmission and are causing huge economic losses in the pig industry in China and the world, which therefore needs to be urgently addressed. Accordingly, this article summarises the pathogenicity, prevalence, and diagnostic methods of PECs and provides an important reference for their improved diagnosis, prevention, and control.

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          Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus

          Wenhui Li, Michael Moore, Natalya Vasilieva … (2003)
          Spike (S) proteins of coronaviruses, including the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), associate with cellular receptors to mediate infection of their target cells 1,2 . Here we identify a metallopeptidase, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 3,4 , isolated from SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-permissive Vero E6 cells, that efficiently binds the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV S protein. We found that a soluble form of ACE2, but not of the related enzyme ACE1, blocked association of the S1 domain with Vero E6 cells. 293T cells transfected with ACE2, but not those transfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 receptors, formed multinucleated syncytia with cells expressing S protein. Furthermore, SARS-CoV replicated efficiently on ACE2-transfected but not mock-transfected 293T cells. Finally, anti-ACE2 but not anti-ACE1 antibody blocked viral replication on Vero E6 cells. Together our data indicate that ACE2 is a functional receptor for SARS-CoV. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature02145) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses

            Jie Cui, Fang Li, Zheng-Li Shi (2018)
            Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses that emerged in humans at the beginning of the 21st century. Both viruses likely originated in bats, and genetically diverse coronaviruses that are related to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were discovered in bats worldwide. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of these two pathogenic coronaviruses and discuss their receptor usage; we also highlight the diversity and potential of spillover of bat-borne coronaviruses, as evidenced by the recent spillover of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) to pigs.
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              Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses

              Shuo Su, Gary Wong, Weifeng Shi … (2016)
              Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) were first described in the 1960s for patients with the common cold. Since then, more HCoVs have been discovered, including those that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), two pathogens that, upon infection, can cause fatal respiratory disease in humans. It was recently discovered that dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia harbor three different HCoV species, including a dominant MERS HCoV lineage that was responsible for the outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea during 2015. In this review we aim to compare and contrast the different HCoVs with regard to epidemiology and pathogenesis, in addition to the virus evolution and recombination events which have, on occasion, resulted in outbreaks amongst humans.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Qiang Liu: liuqiang_yyy@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Res Commun
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Res Commun
                Title: Veterinary Research Communications
                Publisher: Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                ISSN (Print): 0165-7380
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-7446
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 July 2021
                Pages: 1-12
                Affiliations
                Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong, 637131 China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 9808
                DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09808-0
                PMC ID: 8273569
                PubMed ID: 34251560
                SO-VID: 3bc016a0-330a-45bb-a8c4-cc6e92b90ed1
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 18 January 2021
                Date accepted : 22 June 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Nanchong Vocational and Technical College for Basic Scientific Research
                Award ID: no. ZRA1904 and no. NZYBZ2002
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: porcine delta coronavirus,porcine enteric coronavirus,porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus,swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus,transmissible gastroenteritis virus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: porcine delta coronavirus, porcine enteric coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus

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