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      A Study of Neurological Involvement in Dengue and Chikungunya Infection

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          Abstract

          Introduction:

          Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue fever have been reported for recent epidemics worldwide, with varied clinical involvement. Chikungunya was first reported to affect the nervous system in the 1960s. The clinical profile of dengue with multi-organ involvement is varied with reported involvement of the central nervous system in some.

          Aim:

          The aim of this study was to study the frequency and pattern of neurological involvement in patients admitted with dengue and chikungunya in a tertiary care hospital.

          Materials and Methods:

          Patients admitted with confirmed chikungunya and dengue were evaluated clinically and investigations were enrolled in the study. Patients with preexisting neurological issues, obvious metabolic, vascular, or septic causes for neurological involvement were excluded from the study.

          Results:

          A total of 309 patients with chikungunya were included in the study. Out of these, 11 (3.56%) patients were found to have neurological involvement. The most common presentations were altered sensorium (100%) followed by headache (81.81%). The relative risk of mortality in patients with neurological involvement due to chikungunya was 7.96. A total of 443 patients with dengue fever were enrolled in the study. Out of these, 5 (1.10%) patients were found to have neurological involvement. The most common presentations were altered sensorium and headache (100%), followed by vomiting (80%). The relative risk of mortality in patients with neurological involvement due to dengue was 5.15.

          Conclusion:

          The recent epidemic of chikungunya and dengue virus infections was associated with various neurological complications. Neurological involvement of chikungunya and dengue was identified to be a bad prognostic factor with significantly higher mortality.

          Limitations:

          This is a single center study, involving only the patients admitted to the hospital. Furthermore, being an observational study, follow-up could not be done to look for neurological sequelae.

          Résumé

          Introduction:

          le virus du chikungunya (CHIKV) et la dengue ont été signalés pour des épidémies récentes dans le monde, avec une implication clinique variée. Chikungunya a d’abord affecté le système nerveux dans les années 1960. Le profil clinique de la dengue avec une implication multi-organes est varié avec l’implication rapportée du système nerveux central dans certains.

          Objectif:

          Le but de cette étude était d’étudier la fréquence et le schéma d’implication neurologique chez les patients admis avec de la dengue et le chikungunya dans un hôpital de soins tertiaires.

          Matériaux et méthodes:

          patients Admis avec le chikungunya et la dengue confirmés ont été évalués cliniquement et les enquêtes ont été inscrites à l’étude. Les patients présentant des problèmes neurologiques préexistants, des causes métaboliques, vasculaires ou septiques évidentes de participation neurologique ont été exclues de l’étude.

          Résultats:

          Un total de 309 patients atteints de chikungunya ont été inclus dans l’étude. Parmi ceux-ci, 11 (3,56%) patients se sont révélés avoir une atteinte neurologique. Les présentations les plus courantes ont été modifiées du sensorium (100%) suivie de maux de tête (81,81%). Le risque relatif de mortalité chez les patients présentant une atteinte neurologique due au chikungunya était de 7,96. Au total, 443 patients atteints de dengue ont été inscrits à l’étude. Parmi ceux-ci, 5 (1,10%) patients se sont révélés avoir une atteinte neurologique. Les présentations les plus courantes ont été modifiées du sensorium et des maux de tête (100%), suivis par des vomissements (80%). Le risque relatif de mortalité chez les patients présentant une atteinte neurologique due à la dengue était de 5,15.

          Conclusion:

          L’épidémie récente des infections du chikungunya et du virus de la dengue a été associée à diverses complications neurologiques. L’atteinte neurologique du chikungunya et de la dengue a été identifiée comme étant un mauvais facteur pronostique avec une mortalité significativement plus élevée.

          Limites:

          Il s’agit d’une étude centrale unique, impliquant uniquement les patients admis à l’hôpital. De plus, étant une étude observationnelle, le suivi n’a pas pu être fait pour rechercher des séquelles neurologiques.

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          Most cited references15

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Serious acute chikungunya virus infection requiring intensive care during the Reunion Island outbreak in 2005-2006.

          To report the clinical and laboratory findings of adults with serious chikungunya virus acute infection hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Case series study from August 2005 to May 2006. Medical intensive care unit, South Reunion Hospital. We observed 33 episodes of confirmed acute chikungunya virus infection (chikungunya virus-IgM or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction positive in the serum) admitted to the intensive care unit. We collected cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and sometimes tissue samples from patients with suspected chikungunya fever in our intensive care unit. These samples underwent viral testing for evidence of acute chikungunya virus infection. Of the 33 patients, 19 (58%) had chikungunya virus specific manifestations, 8 (24%) had associated acute infectious disease and 6 (18%) exacerbations of previous complaints. Among the chikungunya virus specific manifestations, we identified 14 cases of encephalopathy, one case each of myocarditis, hepatitis and Guillain Barré syndrome. Eighty-five percent of patients had a McCabe score = 1 (for nonfatal or no underlying disease). Mortality was 48%. Chikungunya virus infection may be responsible for very severe clinical presentation, including young patients with unremarkable medical histories. Chikungunya virus infection is strongly suspected to have neurologic, hepatic, and myocardial tropism leading to dramatic complications and high mortality rate.
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            • Article: not found

            Prospective case-control study of encephalopathy in children with dengue hemorrhagic fever.

            We present a prospective case-control study of 27 serologically confirmed dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients with severe central nervous system symptoms. Dengue associated encephalopathy accounted for 0.5% of 5,400 patients admitted with DHF. The mortality rate among children with encephalopathy was 22%, with the survivors experiencing a complete recovery. Liver enzymes and bilirubin were significantly elevated in the study group. In analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed dengue-3-specific RNA in one evaluated case. Dengue-specific immunoglobulin M was detected in CSF in 14 of 22 assessable patients, indicating a localized infection. Magnetic resonance imaging scans showed cerebral edema in the majority of patients, although encephalitis-like changes were less common. There was an equal distribution of primary and secondary infections. On the basis of previous reports and of the findings of our study, DHF probably encompasses an expanding clinical spectrum that infrequently involves encephalitis due to a direct neurotropic effect of dengue virus.
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              Involvement of the central nervous system in patients with dengue virus infection.

              The findings of a neurological evaluation in 85 patients with confirmed, acute, dengue virus infection are described. Signs of central nervous system involvement were present in 18 patients (21.2%). The most frequent neurological symptom was mental confusion. The frequency of neurological involvement did not differ between patients with primary and secondary dengue infection, and the prevalence of central nervous system involvement in dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever also did not differ significantly. The presence of CNS involvement did not influence the prognosis of dengue infection. Dengue viral CSF RNA was found in 7 of 13 patients submitted to a spinal tap, the CSF viral load being less than 1000 copies/ml. PCR was negative in serum samples obtained from three patients on the same day as the CSF samples, suggesting that the dengue virus actively enters the CNS and that the presence of the virus in the CNS does not result from passive crossing of the blood-brain barrier.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ann Afr Med
                Ann Afr Med
                AAM
                Ann Afr Med
                Annals of African Medicine
                Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                1596-3519
                0975-5764
                Oct-Dec 2024
                13 August 2024
                : 23
                : 4
                : 563-566
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Shipra Gulati, Clinical Assistant, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India. E-mail: shipra.gulati@ 123456sgrh.com
                Article
                AAM-23-563
                10.4103/aam.aam_131_23
                11556480
                39138949
                3a9783a6-0b66-4357-baa3-1bfc852b0608
                Copyright: © 2024 Annals of African Medicine

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                : 07 August 2023
                : 23 January 2024
                : 29 January 2024
                Categories
                Original Article

                chikungunya fever,dengue fever,neurological involvement,fièvre de chikungunya,fièvre de la dengue,implication neurologique

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