Highly efficient self-powered perovskite photodiode with an electron-blocking hole-transport NiO _x layer

Abstract

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite materials provide noteworthy compact systems that could offer ground-breaking architectures for dynamic operations and advanced engineering in high-performance energy-harvesting optoelectronic devices. Here, we demonstrate a highly effective self-powered perovskite-based photodiode with an electron-blocking hole-transport layer (NiO _x). A high value of responsivity ( R = 360 mA W ⁻¹) with good detectivity ( D = 2.1 × 10 ¹¹ Jones) and external quantum efficiency ( EQE = 76.5%) is achieved due to the excellent interface quality and suppression of the dark current at zero bias voltage owing to the NiO _x layer, providing outcomes one order of magnitude higher than values currently in the literature. Meanwhile, the value of R is progressively increased to 428 mA W ⁻¹ with D = 3.6 × 10 ¹¹ Jones and EQE = 77% at a bias voltage of − 1.0 V. With a diode model, we also attained a high value of the built-in potential with the NiO _x layer, which is a direct signature of the improvement of the charge-selecting characteristics of the NiO _x layer. We also observed fast rise and decay times of approximately 0.9 and 1.8 ms, respectively, at zero bias voltage. Hence, these astonishing results based on the perovskite active layer together with the charge-selective NiO _x layer provide a platform on which to realise high-performance self-powered photodiode as well as energy-harvesting devices in the field of optoelectronics.