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      Summer and winter variations of BTEX concentrations in an oil refinery complex and health risk assessment based on Monte-Carlo simulations

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          Abstract

          The summer and winter concentrations of BTEX pollutants were investigated in various workplaces of an oil Refinery, Iran. In total 252 air samples from the breathing zones of the following employees were collected: supervisors, safetymen, repairmen, site men, and all workers. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values were calculated based on the USEPA methodology using Monte Carlo simulations. BTEX concentrations were higher in the summer than in the winter season for all workstations, especially for toluene and ethylbenzene. The mean values of exposure to benzene for repairmen and site men were higher than threshold limit value of 1.60 mg/m 3 for both seasons. Non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values calculated for summer season for benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in all workstations, as well as for toluene for repairmen and site men exceeded acceptable level of 1. In winter season the mean HQ values for benzene and xylene in all workstations, for toluene for repairmen and site men, and for ethylbenzene for supervisors, repairmen, and site men were also > 1. For all workstations definite carcinogenic risk was indicated as calculated LCR values for benzene and ethylbenzene exposure were higher than 1 × 10 –4 in both summer and winter seasons.

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          Volatile Organic Compounds in Air: Sources, Distribution, Exposure and Associated Illnesses in Children

          Regina D. Montero-Montoya, Rocío López-Vargas, Omar Arellano-Aguilar (2018)
          Background: Toxic volatile organic compounds (VOC), like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), are atmospheric pollutants representing a threat to human health. They are released into the environment from mobile sources in urban settings, but newly polluted areas are gaining importance in countries where accelerated industrialization is taking place in suburban or rural settings. Methods: The review includes studies done in Mexico and Latin-America and countries considered to have emerging economies and are compared with similar studies in developed countries. Data about environmental VOC levels and exposure of children have been included. Also, information about health effects was reviewed. Articles were searched in PubMed and Scopus, and information was also obtained from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the EPAs Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS-EPA) and state reports on air quality of Mexican cities. Results: VOC or BTEX levels reported in industrial and suburban areas were found to be higher due to the burning of fossil fuels and waste emission; whereas, in big cities, VOC emissions were mainly due to mobile sources. Even though TEX levels were under reference values, benzene was found at levels several times over this value in cities and even higher in industrial zones. Elevated VOC emissions were also reported in cities with industrial development in their peripheral rural areas. Public health relevance: Industrial activities have changed the way of life of small towns, which previously had no concern about environmental pollution and chemicals. No air monitoring is done in these places where toxic chemicals are released into rivers and the atmosphere. This work demonstrates the need for environmental monitors to protect human life in suburban and rural areas where industrial growth occurs without planning and ecological or health protection, compromising the health of new generations beginning in fetal development.
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            Characterization and assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from typical industries

            Jing Jing Li, ZhengPing Hao, Hailin Wang … (2013)
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              Emissions of volatile organic compounds from crude oil processing - Global emission inventory and environmental release.

              Hamid Rajabi, Mojgan Hadi Mosleh, Parthasarathi Mandal … (2020)
              Airborne Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known to have strong and adverse impacts on human health and the environment by contributing to the formation of tropospheric ozone. VOCs can escape during various stages of crude oil processing, from extraction to refinery, hence the crude oil industry is recognised as one of the major sources of VOC release into the environment. In the last few decades, volatile emissions from crude oil have been investigated either directly by means of laboratory and field-based analyses, or indirectly via emission inventories (EIs) which have been used to develop regulatory and controlling measures in the petroleum industry. There is a vast amount of scattered data in the literature for both regional emissions from crude oil processing and scientific measurements of VOC releases. This paper aims to provide a critical analysis of the overall scale of global emissions of VOCs from all stages of oil processing based on data reported in the literature. The volatile compounds, identified via EIs of the crude oil industry or through direct emissions from oil mass, are collected and analysed to present a global-scale evaluation of type, average concentration and detection frequency of the most prevalent VOCs. We provide a critical analysis on the total averages of VOCs and key pieces of evidence which highlights the necessity of implementing control measures to regulate crude oil volatile emissions (CVEs) in primary steps of extraction-to-refinery pathways of crude oil processing. We have identified knowledge gaps in this field which are of importance to control the release of VOCs from crude oil, independent of oil type, location, operating conditions and metrological parameters.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Saeid Yazdanirad:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-6637
                saeedyazdanirad@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 July 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 July 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 13
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10670
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.444768.d, ISNI 0000 0004 0612 1049, Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, , Kashan University of Medical Sciences, ; Kashan, Iran
                [2 ]GRID grid.440801.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8883, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ; Shahrekord, Iran
                [3 ]GRID grid.440801.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8883, Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ; Shahrekord, Iran
                [4 ]GRID grid.411036.1, ISNI 0000 0001 1498 685X, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health, , Isfahan University of Medical Science, ; Isfahan, Iran
                [5 ]GRID grid.9922.0, ISNI 0000 0000 9174 1488, Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, , AGH University of Krakow, ; Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
                [6 ]Unaffiliated, Tehran, Iran
                [7 ]GRID grid.440801.9, ISNI 0000 0004 0384 8883, Department of Occupational Health, School of Health, , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ; Shahrekord, Iran
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-6637
                Article
                Publisher ID: 37647
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37647-3
                PMC ID: 10314937
                PubMed ID: 37393319
                SO-VID: 39749eb5-72db-4102-a695-c025a8ec9941
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 15 January 2023
                Date accepted : 25 June 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Nature Limited 2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: cancer,health occupations
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: cancer, health occupations

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