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      Crazy paving pattern as a rare radiological manifestation of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with lung involvement: A case report

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          Abstract

          We report on a 70-year old woman with dyspnea, systemic lymphadenopathy and abnormal chest computed tomography (CT) findings. A complete laboratory testing as well as mediastinal tissue sampling via Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS)-guided Transbronchial Needle Biopsy (TBNB) did not reveal a definite diagnosis. After experiencing acute respiratory failure which led to intensive care unit, the patient underwent a cervical lymph node biopsy which revealed peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS). A CT-guided trans-thoracic lung biopsy was performed that showed involvement of the lung parenchyma in the context of PTCL-NOS. Lung involvement is a rare extra-nodal manifestation of PTCL. The imaging patterns of this lymphoma have not been well described. We conclude that the finding of crazy paving pattern is a rare manifestation of this disease. In patients with pre-existing lymphoma, lung involvement should be included in the differential due to high pre-test probability.

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          Peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified (PTCL-U): a new prognostic model from a retrospective multicentric clinical study.

          Monica Bellei, Francesco Zaja, Andrea Gallamini … (2004)
          To assess the prognosis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified, we retrospectively analyzed 385 cases fulfilling the criteria defined by the World Health Organization classification. Factors associated with a worse overall survival (OS) in a univariate analysis were age older than 60 years (P=.0002), equal to or more than 2 extranodal sites (P=.0002), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) value at normal levels or above (P<.0001), performance status (PS) equal to or more than 2 (P< or =.0001), stage III or higher (P=.0001), and bone marrow involvement (P=.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that age (relative risk, 1.732; 95% CI, 1.300-2.309; P<.0001), PS (relative risk, 1.719; 95% CI, 1.269-2.327, P<.0001), LDH level (relative risk, 1.905; 95% CI, 1.415-2.564; P<.0001), and bone marrow involvement (relative risk, 1.454; 95% CI, 1.045-2.023; P=.026) were factors independently predictive for survival. Using these 4 variables we constructed a new prognostic model that singled out 4 groups at different risk: group 1, no adverse factors, with 5-year and 10-year OS of 62.3% and 54.9%, respectively; group 2, one factor, with a 5-year and 10-year OS of 52.9% and 38.8%, respectively; group 3, 2 factors, with 5-year and 10-year OS of 32.9% and 18.0%, respectively; group 4, 3 or 4 factors, with a 5-year and 10-year OS of 18.3 and 12.6%, respectively (P< or =.0001; log-rank, 66.79).
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            The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research.

            Elaine Jaffe (2009)
            The 4(th) edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues published in 2008 builds upon the success of the 2001 3(rd) edition; new entities are defined, and solutions for problematic categories are sought. Recent studies have drawn attention to the biological overlap between classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Similarly, there is a greater appreciation of the borderlands between Burkitt lymphoma and DLBCL. Strategies for the management of these borderline lesions are proposed. Additionally, age-specific and site-specific factors play an important role in the definition of several new entities, which also have biological underpinnings. Among the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), more precise definitions were introduced for several entities, including anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, and subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. Several new variants of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are proposed. Finally, the subclassification and categorization of the most common lymphoma subtypes, follicular lymphoma (FL) and DLBCL, were altered to enhance diagnostic accuracy and aid in clinical management. The 2008 WHO classification also draws attention to early events in lymphomagenesis. These lesions help delineate the earliest steps in neoplastic transformation and generally mandate a conservative therapeutic approach. The 2001 classification was rapidly adopted for clinical trials and successfully served as a common language for scientists comparing genetic and functional data. The modifications made in the 2008 classification are the result of this successful partnership among pathologists, clinicians, and biologists, but are only a stepping stone to the future.
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              "Crazy-paving" pattern at thin-section CT of the lungs: radiologic-pathologic overview.

              Santiago E Rossi, Jeremy Erasmus, Mariano Volpacchio … (2016)
              The "crazy-paving" pattern is a common finding at thin-section computed tomography (CT) of the lungs. It consists of scattered or diffuse ground-glass attenuation with superimposed interlobular septal thickening and intralobular lines. This finding has a variety of causes, including infectious, neoplastic, idiopathic, inhalational, and sanguineous disorders. Specific disorders that can cause the crazy-paving pattern include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, sarcoidosis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, exogenous lipoid pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes. Knowledge of the many causes of this pattern can be useful in preventing diagnostic errors. In addition, although the causes of this pattern are frequently indistinguishable at radiologic evaluation, differences in the location of the characteristic attenuation in the lungs, as well as the presence of additional radiologic findings, the patient's history, and the clinical presentation, can often be useful in suggesting the appropriate diagnosis. Copyright RSNA, 2003
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Georgia Gomatou
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Respir Med Case Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Respir Med Case Rep
                Title: Respiratory Medicine Case Reports
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-0071
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 September 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 September 2018
                Volume: 25
                Pages: 253-256
                Affiliations
                [a ]3rd Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
                [b ]First Academic Department of Pneumonology, Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, “Sotiria”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Messogion Ave 152, Athens 11527, Greece. georgia.gomatou@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2213-0071(18)30283-1
                DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.09.015
                PMC ID: 6308371
                PubMed ID: 30596008
                SO-VID: 3931c451-4fde-4ea3-8ac7-141e259c75a4
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 8 September 2018
                Date revision received : 22 September 2018
                Date accepted : 24 September 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                Keywords: peripheral t-cell lymphoma,lung lymphoma,crazy paving pattern
                Data availability:
                Keywords: peripheral t-cell lymphoma, lung lymphoma, crazy paving pattern

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