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      Efecto de la intervención ''escuelas activas móviles'' en tiempos de pandemia sobre la percepción de la autoeficacia, disfrute y el nivel de actividad física en la niñez costarricense y panameña Translated title: Effect of the ''Active Mobile Schools'' Intervention in Times of Pandemic on the Perception of Self-Efficacy, Enjoyment, and the Level of Physical Activity in Costa Rican and Panamanian Children Translated title: Efeito da intervenção das ''Escolas Ativas Móveis'' em tempos de pandemia sobre a percepção de autoeficácia, prazer e nível de atividade física em crianças costarriquenhas e panamenhas

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar el efecto de la intervención escuelas activas móviles sobre la autoeficacia, el disfrute y la percepción del nivel de actividad física, en la niñez costarricense y panameña en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19. Metodología: La población estudiada en esta investigación fueron 55 niñas y niños de primer ciclo de dos escuelas públicas de Panamá y Costa Rica, de edades entre 7 y 9 años. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos de este estudio fueron que la intervención afectó positivamente (mejoras pre-post) a las tres variables dependientes, pero solo en la autoeficacia el efecto fue estadísticamente significativo (con magnitud moderada). En el disfrute y en el nivel de actividad física el efecto fue pequeño. No se presentaron diferencias entre países, pero sí se encontró una tendencia de un deterioro de los sujetos participantes de los grupos control, en las tres variables, especialmente en los participantes panameños. Conclusiones: Se concluye con este estudio que esta intervención mostró que utilizando un modelo multinivel en tiempos de pandemia se logró mejorar la percepción de autoeficacia, y mantener los niveles de disfrute y actividad física en la población participante; al contrario del grupo control, que mostró un deterioro de las tres variables en los infantes.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: This research aimed to examine the effect of the Active Mobile Schools intervention on self-efficacy, enjoyment, and the perception of the level of physical activity in Costa Rican and Panamanian children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The research sample comprised 55 girls and boys, aged between 7 and 9 years, from two public schools in Panama and Costa Rica. Results: The study mainly found that the intervention positively affected (pre-post improvements) the three dependent variables, but only in self-efficacy was the effect statistically significant (with moderate magnitude). In enjoyment and level of physical activity, the effect was small. There were no differences between countries, but a trend of deterioration was found in the participants of the control groups, in the three variables, especially in the Panamanian participants. Conclusions: The study leads to the conclusion that this intervention showed that using a multilevel model in times of pandemic, it was possible to improve the perception of self-efficacy and maintain levels of enjoyment and physical activity in the participating population, unlike the control group that showed a deterioration of the three variables in the infants.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo dessa pesquisa é examinar o efeito da intervenção das Escolas Ativas Móveis sobre a autoeficácia, o prazer e o nível percebido de atividade física nas crianças costarriquenhas e panamenhas em épocas da pandemia da COVID-19. Metodologia: A população estudada nessa pesquisa foi de 55 crianças do ensino fundamental de duas escolas públicas no Panamá e na Costa Rica, com idades compreendidas entre 7 e 9 anos. Resultados: As principais conclusões desse estudo indicam que a intervenção afetou positivamente (melhorias pré-pós) nas três variáveis dependentes, mas somente em autoeficácia o efeito foi estatisticamente significativo (com magnitude moderada). Para o prazer e o nível de atividade física, o efeito foi pequeno. Não houve diferenças entre os países, mas houve uma tendência de deterioração dos participantes dos grupos de controle em todas as três variáveis, especialmente nos participantes panamenhos. Conclusões: Conclui-se com esse estudo que essa intervenção mostrou que o uso de um modelo multinível em tempos de pandemia foi capaz de melhorar a percepção de autoeficácia, e manter os níveis de prazer e atividade física na população participante; ao contrário do grupo de controle, que mostrou uma deterioração das três variáveis nas crianças.

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          Most cited references67

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          Self-Efficacy : The Exercise of Control

          1 Theoretical Perspectives The Nature of Human Agency Human Agency in Triadic Reciprocal Causation Determinism and the Exercise of Self-Influence Related Views of Personal Efficacy 2 The Nature and Structure of Self-Efficacy Perceived Self-Efficacy as a Generative Capability Active Producers versus Passive Foretellers of Performances The Self-Efficacy Approach to Personal Causation Multidimensionality of Self-Efficacy Belief Systems Self-Efficacy Causality Sources of Discordance Between Efficacy Judgment and Action 3 Sources of Self-Efficacy Enactive Mastery Experience Vicarious Experience Verbal Persuasion Physiological and Affective States Integration of Efficacy Information 4 Mediating Processes Cognitive Processes Motivational Processes Affective Processes Selection Processes 5 Developmental Analysis of Self-Efficacy Origins of a Sense of Personal Agency Familial Sources of Self-Efficacy Peers and the Broadening and Validation of Self-Efficacy School as an Agency for Cultivating Self-Efficacy Growth of Self-Efficacy through Transitional Experiences of Adolescence Self-Efficacy Concerns of Adulthood Reappraisals of Self-Efficacy with Advancing Age 6 Cognitive Functioning Students' Cognitive Self-Efficacy Teachers' Perceived Efficacy Collective School Efficacy 7 Health Functioning Biological Effects of Perceived Self-Efficacy Perceived Self-Efficacy in Health Promoting Behavior Prognostic Judgments and Perceived Self-Efficacy 8 Clinical Functioning Anxiety and Phobic Dysfunctions Depression Eating Disorders Alcohol and Drug Abuse 9 Athletic Functioning Development of Athletic Skills Self-Regulation of Athletic Performance Collective Team Efficacy Psychobiological Effects of Physical Exercise 10 Organizational Functioning Career Development and Pursuits Mastery of Occupational Roles Self-Efficacy in Organizational Decision Making Self-Efficacy in Enactment of Occupational Roles Collective Organizational Efficacy 11 Collective Efficacy Gauging Collective Efficacy Political Efficacy Enablement by Media Modes of Influence Enablement for Sociocultural Change Underminers of Collective Efficacy References Name and Subject Indexes.
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            Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect size and Related Estimators

            L. Hedges (1981)
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              Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people ☆

              The Coronavirus (Covid-19) was introduced this past December 2019 in China (Wuhan) and the infection has spread throughout the world despite strategies adopted by the Chinese government to stop this epidemiological phenomenon. Three months later, Covid-19 has become a worldwide pandemic with more than 353,000 cases confirmed on March 23th 2020, 15,000 deaths and more than 100,000 recovered around the world. The evolution of this pandemic can be followed at different official websites, such as the interactive web-based dashboard to track Covid-19 in real time developed by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering (https://www.eficiens.com/coronavirus-statistics/) or the HealthMap provided by the Boston Children's Hospital (https://www.healthmap.org/Covid-19/ ). Additionally, the New England Journal of Medicine provides free access for a collection of articles and other resources on the Covid-19 outbreak, including clinical reports, management guidelines, and commentaries (https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus?cid=DM88311&bid=165326853). Actually, China has managed to stop the number of daily infections for several days. The next two countries to suffer the most intense impact of the pandemic were Italy and Spain, having already exceeded, in the case of Italy, the number of total deaths reached by China. However, many other countries around the world, including the United States, are developing new cases at alarming rates. Most of the epidemiological experts agree that much of the success in containing the virus in China and elsewhere has been due to rapid measures adopted by the authorities to impose quarantine status for the majority of population. Therefore, many of the most seriously affected countries after China, such as Italy and Spain, adopted similar strategies several weeks later. In addition, based on the worldwide information from the Covid-19 pandemic, some characteristics of the population at higher risk for Covid-19 have been identified, such as being older people, those with hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and CVD, and patients with respiratory diseases or conditions. On the one hand, despite that a period of quarantine is the best option and recommendation to stop the rapid spread infections, this may have collateral effects on other dimensions of the isolated patients´ health, and especially in those mentioned as being at higher risk. Initiating a sudden quarantine state implies a radical change in the lifestyle of the population. These lifestyles and behaviors in many cases include a certain level of physical activity (PA) and exercise to maintain an adequate health status, 1 to counteract the negative consequences of certain diseases, 2 such as diabetes, hypertension, CVD, respiratory diseases, or even simply to guarantee an active aging by reducing the risk of frailty, sarcopenia and dementia, as associated diseases in older people. 3 , 4 Moreover, the psychological impact of quarantine has been recently reviewed 5 and negative psychological effects, including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger has been reported. The stressor factors suggested included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. On the other hand, PA and exercise have shown to be an effective therapy for most of the chronic diseases with direct effects on both mental and physical health.1., 2., 3., 4. , 6., 7., 8., 9. In fact, exercise has been considered the real polypill based on epidemiological evidence of its preventive/therapeutic benefits and considering the main biological mediators involved. 1 , 7 , 9 Special attention is deserved for the elderly population group, because in older people PA and exercise impact the mentioned benefits on many diseases but also has additional effects on hallmarks of aging and associated diseases. 10 In this sense, exercise in older people positively affects and prevents frailty, sarcopenia/dynapenia, risk of falls, self-esteem and cognitive impairment or decline. 10 , 11 Therefore, to not totally interrupt or change the lifestyle of people during quarantine and to maintain an active lifestyle at home is very important for the health of the overall population but, especially, for those with additional risk factors and older people. Although outdoor activities are typically more available, varied, and have more facilities and infrastructures to perform any type of physical exercise, there still are many possibilities for exercising at home during a quarantine. Clearly, we would support the message of “doing at least some exercise is better than nothing”, however, a more precise prescription and recommendation are needed to guarantee an appropriate exercise program aimed to maintain or improve the principal health-related physical fitness components. Briefly, the reason to promote PA and exercise for improving physical fitness components is that these (cardiorespiratory fitness or CRF, muscular strength, coordination-agility) are directly related with the physiological functions of the main organ systems (respiratory, circulatory, muscular, nervous and skeletal systems) and indirectly implicated in the appropriate functioning of other systems (endocrine, digestive, immune or renal systems).1., 2., 3., 4. , 7 , 9 These relationships are even more interesting from the point of view of physiologic functional reserve of organ systems, for example, to increase the CRF is not only directly related with improvements in the circulatory and respiratory systems capacities but also with increases in its functional reserve. For all this, PA/exercise become especially essential for older people during quarantine because to maintain physiological function and reserve of most of the organ systems could contribute to the fight against the mental and physical consequences and severity of Covid-19 (Fig 1 ). Fig 1 illustrates how physical exercise enhances the health of older people by acting on the different organ systems. Fig 1 The principal elements we should consider to design a proper exercise program for older people confined at home are exercise modality, frequency of practice, volume and intensity (among others). Exercise modality A multicomponent exercise program is considered the most adequate for older people 10 , 11 from both settings of free-living and community-dwelling. A multicomponent exercise program includes aerobic, resistance, balance, coordination and mobility training exercises. Recently, some researchers have also suggested to integrate the concept of cognitive training during the exercise training session. Exercise frequency The international guidelines of PA for older people recommend 5 days per week, which in this particular quarantine situation could be increased to 5–7 days per week with adaptation in volume and intensity. Exercise volume The guidelines recommend at least 150 to 300 min per week of aerobic exercise and 2 resistance training sessions per week. Under the quarantine it could be suggested to increase to 200–400 min per week distributed among 5–7 days to compensate for the decrease in the normal daily PA levels. Moreover, a minimum of 2–3 days per week of resistance exercise could be recommended. Mobility training exercises should be performed on all the training days and balance and coordination should be distributed among the different training days (at least twice). Exercise intensity The guidelines suggest moderate intensity for most of the sessions and some amount of vigorous exercise per week. It is well-known that exercise at moderate intensity improves the immune system, but vigorous intensity may even inhibit it, especially in sedentary people. Thus, during quarantine times, moderate intensity (40–60% heart rate reserve or 65–75% of maximal heart rate) should be the ideal choice for older people to enhance the protective role of exercise. Examples of home exercises In case one does not have large equipment or specific materials for training, the following options are available in any house; resistance training through bodyweight exercises such as squats holding a chair, sitting and getting up from the chair or going up and down a step, transporting items with light and moderate weights (vegetables, rice, water, etc), aerobic exercises like walking inside the house, dancing or balance exercise such as walking on a line on the floor, walking on the toes or heels, walking heel-to-toe, and stepping over obstacles. Statement of conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest of any of the listed authors. Funding Current research activities of DJP are supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation - MINECO (RYC-2014-16938) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness – MINECO/FEDER (DEP2016-76123-R); the Government of Andalusian, Integrated Territorial Initiative 2014–2020 for the province of Cádiz (PI-0002-2017); the European Union's ERASMUS+SPORT programme (grant agreement: 603121-EPP-1-2018-1-ES-SPO-SCP); and the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                mhs
                MHSalud
                MHSalud
                Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional (Heredia, Heredia, Costa Rica, Costa Rica )
                1659-097X
                December 2022
                : 19
                : 2
                : 158-176
                Affiliations
                [1] Heredia Heredia orgnameUniversidad Nacional Costa Rica grevv26@ 123456gmail.com
                [4] orgnameUniversidad Especializada de las Américas Panamá graamb@ 123456yahoo.com
                [2] Heredia Heredia orgnameUniversidad Nacional Costa Rica ceab.03@ 123456gmail.com
                [3] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Costa Rica gerardo.araya.vargas@ 123456una.cr
                Article
                S1659-097X2022000200158 S1659-097X(22)01900200158
                10.15359/mhs.19-2.12
                37730c58-fc5e-4233-a5e0-29f6ddbbcb45

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 May 2022
                : 20 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 19
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica

                Categories
                Artículo

                self-efficacy,pandemia,infância,atividade física,autoeficácia,Prazer,niñez,actividad física,autoeficacia,Disfrutar,pandemic,childhood,physical activity

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