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Abstract

One particularly abundant group of modular recognition domains consists of those that bind proline-rich motifs. Such modules, including the SH3, WW, and EVH1 domains, play a critical role in the assembly and regulation of many intracellular signaling complexes. These domains use strikingly similar molecular mechanisms of proline recognition. We discuss some of the potential biological advantages conferred by proline recognition, which may explain its widespread use in signaling.

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Comparative genomics of the eukaryotes.

G Rubin, M Yandell, J. R. Wortman … (2000)

A comparative analysis of the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-and the proteins they are predicted to encode-was undertaken in the context of cellular, developmental, and evolutionary processes. The nonredundant protein sets of flies and worms are similar in size and are only twice that of yeast, but different gene families are expanded in each genome, and the multidomain proteins and signaling pathways of the fly and worm are far more complex than those of yeast. The fly has orthologs to 177 of the 289 human disease genes examined and provides the foundation for rapid analysis of some of the basic processes involved in human disease.

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The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling.

E J Lowenstein, R J Daly, A Batzer … (1992)

A cDNA clone encoding a novel, widely expressed protein (called growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 or GRB2) containing one src homology 2 (SH2) domain and two SH3 domains was isolated. Immunoblotting experiments indicate that GRB2 associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) via its SH2 domain. Interestingly, GRB2 exhibits striking structural and functional homology to the C. elegans protein sem-5. It has been shown that sem-5 and two other genes called let-23 (EGFR like) and let-60 (ras like) lie along the same signal transduction pathway controlling C. elegans vulval induction. To examine whether GRB2 is also a component of ras signaling in mammalian cells, microinjection studies were performed. While injection of GRB2 or H-ras proteins alone into quiescent rat fibroblasts did not have mitogenic effect, microinjection of GRB2 together with H-ras protein stimulated DNA synthesis. These results suggest that GRB2/sem-5 plays a crucial role in a highly conserved mechanism for growth factor control of ras signaling.

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Homer: a protein that selectively binds metabotropic glutamate receptors.

P Brakeman, A A Lanahan, R. O'Brien … (1997)

Spatial localization and clustering of membrane proteins is critical to neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies have identified a family of proteins, the PDZ proteins, that contain modular PDZ domains and interact with synaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors and ion channels. PDZ proteins are thought to have a role in defining the cellular distribution of the proteins that interact with them. Here we report a novel dendritic protein, Homer, that contains a single, PDZ-like domain and binds specifically to the carboxy terminus of phosphoinositide-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors. Homer is highly divergent from known PDZ proteins and seems to represent a novel family. The Homer gene is also distinct from members of the PDZ family in that its expression is regulated as an immediate early gene and is dynamically responsive to physiological synaptic activity, particularly during cortical development. This dynamic transcriptional control suggests that Homer mediates a novel cellular mechanism that regulates metabotropic glutamate signalling.

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PubMed ID:: 12709533

DOI:: 10.1126/stke.2003.179.re8

ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry

Keywords: Animals,Humans,Proline,chemistry,physiology,Protein Structure, Tertiary,Structure-Activity Relationship,src Homology Domains

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry

Keywords: Animals, Humans, Proline, chemistry, physiology, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Structure-Activity Relationship, src Homology Domains

The structure and function of proline recognition domains.

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Most cited references 74

Comparative genomics of the eukaryotes.

The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling.

Homer: a protein that selectively binds metabotropic glutamate receptors.

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