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      Recent progress in molecular mechanisms of postoperative recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma

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          Abstract

          Hepatectomy is currently considered the most effective option for treating patients with early and intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, the postoperative prognosis of patients with HCC remains unsatisfactory, predominantly because of high postoperative metastasis and recurrence rates. Therefore, research on the molecular mechanisms of postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence will help develop effective intervention measures to prevent or delay HCC metastasis and recurrence and to improve the long-term survival of HCC patients. Herein, we review the latest research progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence to lay a foundation for improving the understanding of HCC metastasis and recurrence and for developing more precise prevention and intervention strategies.

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          Hepatocellular carcinoma

          Josep Llovet, Robin Kate Kelley, Augusto Villanueva … (2021)
          Liver cancer remains a global health challenge, with an estimated incidence of >1 million cases by 2025. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and accounts for ~90% of cases. Infection by hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the main risk factors for HCC development, although non-alcoholic steatohepatitis associated with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus is becoming a more frequent risk factor in the West. Moreover, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-associated HCC has a unique molecular pathogenesis. Approximately 25% of all HCCs present with potentially actionable mutations, which are yet to be translated into the clinical practice. Diagnosis based upon non-invasive criteria is currently challenged by the need for molecular information that requires tissue or liquid biopsies. The current major advancements have impacted the management of patients with advanced HCC. Six systemic therapies have been approved based on phase III trials (atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib and ramucirumab) and three additional therapies have obtained accelerated FDA approval owing to evidence of efficacy. New trials are exploring combination therapies, including checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors or anti-VEGF therapies, or even combinations of two immunotherapy regimens. The outcomes of these trials are expected to change the landscape of HCC management at all evolutionary stages.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1783 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication

            Mathilde Mathieu, Lorena Martin-Jaular, Gregory Lavieu … (2019)
            The ability of exosomes to transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells, thereby triggering phenotypic changes in the latter, has generated substantial interest in the scientific community. However, the extent to which exosomes differ from other extracellular vesicles in terms of their biogenesis and functions remains ill-defined. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the specificities of exosomes and other types of extracellular vesicles, and their roles as important agents of cell-to-cell communication.
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              New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer

              Anushka Dongre, Robert Weinberg (2018)
              Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular programme that is known to be crucial for embryogenesis, wound healing and malignant progression. During EMT, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are remodelled, which leads to the detachment of epithelial cells from each other and the underlying basement membrane, and a new transcriptional programme is activated to promote the mesenchymal fate. In the context of neoplasias, EMT confers on cancer cells increased tumour-initiating and metastatic potential and a greater resistance to elimination by several therapeutic regimens. In this Review, we discuss recent findings on the mechanisms and roles of EMT in normal and neoplastic tissues, and the cell-intrinsic signals that sustain expression of this programme. We also highlight how EMT gives rise to a variety of intermediate cell states between the epithelial and the mesenchymal state, which could function as cancer stem cells. In addition, we describe the contributions of the tumour microenvironment in inducing EMT and the effects of EMT on the immunobiology of carcinomas.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1226 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zhao-Shan Niu
                Wen-Hong Wang
                Xiao-Jun Niu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Gastroenterol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): World J Gastroenterol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJG
                Title: World Journal of Gastroenterology
                Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
                ISSN (Print): 1007-9327
                ISSN (Electronic): 2219-2840
                Publication date (Print): 14 December 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 December 2022
                Volume: 28
                Issue: 46
                Pages: 6433-6477
                Affiliations
                Laboratory of Micromorphology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
                Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
                Department of Internal Medicine, Qingdao Shibei District People's Hospital, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China. z.s.niu@ 123456qdu.edu.cn
                Author notes

                Author contributions: Niu ZS and Niu XJ wrote and revised this paper; Wang WH reviewed literature for the latest advances in the field.

                Corresponding author: Zhao-Shan Niu, MD, Associate Professor, Laboratory of Micromorphology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Room 1109, Medical Education Complex-Building B, No. 1 Ningde Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China. z.s.niu@ 123456qdu.edu.cn

                Article
                Other ID: jWJG.v28.i46.pg6433
                DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i46.6433
                PMC ID: 9782839
                PubMed ID: 36569275
                SO-VID: 35b1680b-f9e4-4b5b-a4bf-05d765ce6a1b
                Copyright © ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 13 August 2022
                Date revision received : 31 October 2022
                Date accepted : 21 November 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma,recurrence,metastasis,mechanisms,postoperation,intervention
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, recurrence, metastasis, mechanisms, postoperation, intervention

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