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      Emotion and aging: evidence from brain and behavior

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          Abstract

          Emotions play a central role in every human life from the moment we are born until we die. They prepare the body for action, highlight what should be noticed and remembered, and guide decisions and actions. As emotions are central to daily functioning, it is important to understand how aging affects perception, memory, experience, as well as regulation of emotions. The Frontiers research topic Emotion and Aging: Evidence from Brain and Behavior takes a step into uncovering emotional aging considering both brain and behavioral processes. The contributions featured in this issue adopt innovative theoretical perspectives and use novel methodological approaches to target a variety of topics that can be categorized into three overarching questions: How do cognition and emotion interact in aging in brain and behavior? What are behavioral and brain-related moderators of emotional aging? Does emotion-regulatory success as reflected in brain and behavior change with age? In this perspective paper we discuss theoretical innovation, methodological approach, and scientific advancement of the 13 papers in the context of the broader literature on emotional aging. We conclude by reflecting on topics untouched and future directions to take.

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          Emotion, cognition, and behavior.

          R J Dolan (2002)
          Emotion is central to the quality and range of everyday human experience. The neurobiological substrates of human emotion are now attracting increasing interest within the neurosciences motivated, to a considerable extent, by advances in functional neuroimaging techniques. An emerging theme is the question of how emotion interacts with and influences other domains of cognition, in particular attention, memory, and reasoning. The psychological consequences and mechanisms underlying the emotional modulation of cognition provide the focus of this article.
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            A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: implications for neuropsychological models of aging.

            Ted Ruffman, Julie D Henry, Vicki Livingstone … (2008)
            This meta-analysis of 28 data sets (N=705 older adults, N=962 younger adults) examined age differences in emotion recognition across four modalities: faces, voices, bodies/contexts, and matching of faces to voices. The results indicate that older adults have increased difficulty recognising at least some of the basic emotions (anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness) in each modality, with some emotions (anger and sadness) and some modalities (face-voice matching) creating particular difficulties. The predominant pattern across all emotions and modalities was of age-related decline with the exception that there was a trend for older adults to be better than young adults at recognising disgusted facial expressions. These age-related changes are examined in the context of three theoretical perspectives-positivity effects, general cognitive decline, and more specific neuropsychological change in the social brain. We argue that the pattern of age-related change observed is most consistent with a neuropsychological model of adult aging stemming from changes in frontal and temporal volume, and/or changes in neurotransmitters.
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              The neural bases of distraction and reappraisal.

              Kateri McRae, Brent Hughes, Sita Chopra … (2010)
              Distraction and reappraisal are two commonly used forms of cognitive emotion regulation. Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that each one depends upon interactions between pFC, interpreted as implementing cognitive control, and limbic regions, interpreted as mediating emotional responses. However, no study has directly compared distraction with reappraisal, and it remains unclear whether they draw upon different neural mechanisms and have different emotional consequences. The present fMRI study compared distraction and reappraisal and found both similarities and differences between the two forms of emotion regulation. Both resulted in decreased negative affect, decreased activation in the amygdala, and increased activation in prefrontal and cingulate regions. Relative to distraction, reappraisal led to greater decreases in negative affect and to greater increases in a network of regions associated with processing affective meaning (medial prefrontal and anterior temporal cortices). Relative to reappraisal, distraction led to greater decreases in amygdala activation and to greater increases in activation in prefrontal and parietal regions. Taken together, these data suggest that distraction and reappraisal differentially engage neural systems involved in attentional deployment and cognitive reframing and have different emotional consequences.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 September 2014
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 996
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Psychology, Social-Cognitive and Affective Development Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
                [2] 2Department of Psychology, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
                Author notes

                Edited by: Marina A. Pavlova, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany

                Reviewed by: Nichole Lighthall, Duke University, USA; Antje Rauers, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany

                *Correspondence: Natalie C. Ebner, Psychology, Social-Cognitive and Affective Development Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA e-mail: natalie.ebner@ 123456ufl.edu

                This article was submitted to Emotion Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology.

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00996
                PMC ID: 4158975
                PubMed ID: 25250002
                SO-VID: 359aadc6-51a7-4ac1-a0be-e9688d556c35
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Ebner and Fischer.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 09 July 2014
                Date accepted : 21 August 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 6, Words: 0
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Perspective Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: emotional aging,brain-behavior links,cognition–emotion interactions,age-of-face effects,emotion regulation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: emotional aging, brain-behavior links, cognition–emotion interactions, age-of-face effects, emotion regulation

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