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      Emergent research and priorities for shark and ray conservation

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 6 , 1 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 4 , 4 , 10 , 4 , 11 , 4 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 8 , 32 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 31 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 19 , 44 , 38 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 44
      Endangered Species Research
      Inter-Research Science Center

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          Abstract

          Over the past 4 decades there has been a growing concern for the conservation status of elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). In 2002, the first elasmobranch species were added to Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Less than 20 yr later, there were 39 species on Appendix II and 5 on Appendix I. Despite growing concern, effective conservation and management remain challenged by a lack of data on population status for many species, human−wildlife interactions, threats to population viability, and the efficacy of conservation approaches. We surveyed 100 of the most frequently published and cited experts on elasmobranchs and, based on ranked responses, prioritized 20 research questions on elasmobranch conservation. To address these questions, we then convened a group of 47 experts from 35 institutions and 12 countries. The 20 questions were organized into the following broad categories: (1) status and threats, (2) population and ecology, and (3) conservation and management. For each section, we sought to synthesize existing knowledge, describe consensus or diverging views, identify gaps, and suggest promising future directions and research priorities. The resulting synthesis aggregates an array of perspectives on emergent research and priority directions for elasmobranch conservation.

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          Most cited references322

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          Risk as feelings.

          Virtually all current theories of choice under risk or uncertainty are cognitive and consequentialist. They assume that people assess the desirability and likelihood of possible outcomes of choice alternatives and integrate this information through some type of expectation-based calculus to arrive at a decision. The authors propose an alternative theoretical perspective, the risk-as-feelings hypothesis, that highlights the role of affect experienced at the moment of decision making. Drawing on research from clinical, physiological, and other subfields of psychology, they show that emotional reactions to risky situations often diverge from cognitive assessments of those risks. When such divergence occurs, emotional reactions often drive behavior. The risk-as-feelings hypothesis is shown to explain a wide range of phenomena that have resisted interpretation in cognitive-consequentialist terms.
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            Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines.

            Recent studies document unprecedented declines in marine top predators that can initiate trophic cascades. Predicting the wider ecological consequences of these declines requires understanding how predators influence communities by inflicting mortality on prey and inducing behavioral modifications (risk effects). Both mechanisms are important in marine communities, and a sole focus on the effects of predator-inflicted mortality might severely underestimate the importance of predators. We outline direct and indirect consequences of marine predator declines and propose an integrated predictive framework that includes risk effects, which appear to be strongest for long-lived prey species and when resources are abundant. We conclude that marine predators should be managed for the maintenance of both density- and risk-driven ecological processes, and not demographic persistence alone.
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              Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean.

              Impacts of chronic overfishing are evident in population depletions worldwide, yet indirect ecosystem effects induced by predator removal from oceanic food webs remain unpredictable. As abundances of all 11 great sharks that consume other elasmobranchs (rays, skates, and small sharks) fell over the past 35 years, 12 of 14 of these prey species increased in coastal northwest Atlantic ecosystems. Effects of this community restructuring have cascaded downward from the cownose ray, whose enhanced predation on its bay scallop prey was sufficient to terminate a century-long scallop fishery. Analogous top-down effects may be a predictable consequence of eliminating entire functional groups of predators.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Endangered Species Research
                Endang. Species. Res.
                Inter-Research Science Center
                1863-5407
                1613-4796
                February 28 2022
                February 28 2022
                : 47
                : 171-203
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
                [2 ]UC Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
                [3 ]Institute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
                [4 ]Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
                [5 ]Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
                [6 ]Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
                [7 ]Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
                [8 ]ProDelphinus, Lima, 15074, Peru
                [9 ]Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, 15067, Peru
                [10 ]Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
                [11 ]Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
                [12 ]Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular de Vertebrados Acuáticos (LEMVA), Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, 111711, Colombia
                [13 ]Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
                [14 ]Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station (COMES), Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
                [15 ]Sasama Consulting, Shizuoka 428-0211 Japan
                [16 ]NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Panama City, FL, 32408, USA
                [17 ]Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
                [18 ]Save Our Seas Foundation, Geneva, 1201, Switzerland
                [19 ]Beneath the Waves, Herndon, VA, 20172, USA
                [20 ]The Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4ES, UK
                [21 ]Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwal,l TR10 9FE, UK
                [22 ]MarAlliance, Innova Center, Ciudad del Saber, Panama City, 0801, Panama
                [23 ]University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
                [24 ]Fisheries and Agriculture Resource Management, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Hillarys, Western Australia, 6025, Australia
                [25 ]Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
                [26 ]Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33181, USA
                [27 ]Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
                [28 ]Marine & Coastal Research Consortium, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
                [29 ]California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
                [30 ]Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, S3001XAI, Argentina
                [31 ]Integrated Fisheries Laboratory, Dalhousie University, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
                [32 ]University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
                [33 ]Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
                [34 ]Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
                [35 ]Department of History and School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
                [36 ]NOAA/NMFS, Narragansett, RI, 02874, USA
                [37 ]Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
                [38 ]Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
                [39 ]Galápagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Isla San Cristóbal, Galápagos, 200150, Ecuador
                [40 ]Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, 75006, France
                [41 ]Laboratoire d’Excellence CORAIL, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
                [42 ]CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
                [43 ]School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
                [44 ]Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
                [45 ]Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
                [46 ]Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
                [47 ]Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
                [48 ]eOceans, Halifax, NS, B3J 3K5, Canada
                [49 ]Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
                Article
                10.3354/esr01169
                3495de5b-382f-4c23-9305-05f3489408d4
                © 2022

                Free to read

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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