Serological survey of immunoglobulin G from <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection in dairy goats in East Java, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background and Aim:

Toxoplasma gondii infection is a significant issue of veterinary public health because it is potentially transmitted through goat milk. Therefore, the use of control measures and routine monitoring of toxoplasmosis in dairy goats is necessary. Serological analysis using antibodies can detect T. gondii infection. This study aimed to conduct an epidemiological study of T. gondii in dairy goats using antibody detection and risk factor identification.

Materials and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study. We performed a serological analysis of T. gondii infection in dairy goats to evaluate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis. Random sampling was performed, including 132 lactating dairy goats. Toxoplasma-modified agglutination test was used as a serological test for immunoglobulin G with a sensitivity of 98.55%, specificity of 86.21%, and accuracy of 94.9%. A structured questionnaire was used to collect risk factor data, which were analyzed using the Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. The statistical package for the social sciences v. 21 was used for statistical analyses.

Results:

The seroprevalence of T. gondii in Malang and Lumajang Regency was 100% and 90.7%, respectively. A significant difference in prevalence of T. gondii was observed between the two districts. Livestock management practices that significantly influenced T. gondii seroprevalence included water sources (p < 0.05; relative risk [RR] = 1.151; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.044–1.269). Farmers’ characteristics that significantly influenced T. gondii seroprevalence included education (p < 0.05; RR = 1.125; 95% CI: 1.037–1.221), main occupation (p < 0.05; RR = 1.118; 95% CI: 1.035–1.207), and position in the organization of dairy goats farmers (p < 0.05; RR = 1.141; 95% CI: 1.022–1.274).

Conclusion:

In East Java, the prevalence of T. gondii in dairy goats is high. This study provides detailed information regarding risk factors associated with T. gondii seroprevalence in dairy goats in East Java, Indonesia.

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Most cited references 32

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Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: Risk factors and economic impact

S. Stelzer, W Basso, J. Benavides Silván … (2019)

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Felids, including domestic cats, are definitive hosts that can shed oocysts with their feces. In addition to infections that occur by accidental oral uptake of food or water contaminated with oocysts, it is assumed that a large proportion of affected humans may have become infected by consuming meat or other animal products that contained infective parasitic stages of T. gondii. Since farm animals represent a direct source of infection for humans, but also a possible reservoir for the parasite, it is important to control T. gondii infections in livestock. Moreover, T. gondii may also be pathogenic to livestock where it could be responsible for considerable economic losses in some regions and particular farming systems, e.g. in areas where the small ruminant industry is relevant. This review aims to summarize actual knowledge on the prevalence and effects of infections with T. gondii in the most important livestock species and on the effects of toxoplasmosis on livestock. It also provides an overview on potential risk factors favoring infections of livestock with T. gondii. Knowledge on potential risk factors is prerequisite to implement effective biosecurity measures on farms to prevent T. gondii infections. Risk factors identified by many studies are cat-related, but also those associated with a potential contamination of fodder or water, and with access to a potentially contaminated environment. Published information on the costs T. gondii infections cause in livestock production, is scarce. The most recent peer reviewed reports from Great Britain and Uruguay suggest annual cost of about 5–15 million US $ per country. Since these estimates are outdated, future studies are needed to estimate the present costs due to toxoplasmosis in livestock. Further, the fact that T. gondii infections in livestock may affect human health needs to be considered and the respective costs should also be estimated, but this is beyond the scope of this article.

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Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii : Oocysts in water, soil and food

Karen Shapiro, Lillian Bahia-Oliveira, Brent W. Dixon … (2019)

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that can cause morbidity and mortality in humans, domestic animals, and terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. The environmentally robust oocyst stage of T. gondii is fundamentally critical to the parasite's success, both in terms of its worldwide distribution as well as the extensive range of infected intermediate hosts. Despite the limited definitive host species (domestic and wild felids), infections have been reported on every continent, and in terrestrial as well as aquatic environments. The remarkable resistance of the oocyst wall enables dissemination of T. gondii through watersheds and ecosystems, and long-term persistence in diverse foods such as shellfish and fresh produce. Here, we review the key attributes of oocyst biophysical properties that confer their ability to disseminate and survive in the environment, as well as the epidemiological dynamics of oocyst sources including domestic and wild felids. This manuscript further provides a comprehensive review of the pathways by which T. gondii oocysts can infect animals and people through the environment, including in contaminated foods, water or soil. We conclude by identifying critical control points for reducing risk of exposure to oocysts as well as opportunities for future synergies and new directions for research aimed at reducing the burden of oocyst-borne toxoplasmosis in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife.

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Invited review: Determinants of farmers' adoption of management-based strategies for infectious disease prevention and control.

Caroline Ritter, Jolanda Jansen, Steven Roche … (2017)

The prevention and control of endemic pathogens within and between farms often depends on the adoption of best management practices. However, farmers regularly do not adopt recommended measures or do not enroll in voluntary disease control programs. This indicates that a more comprehensive understanding of the influences and extension tools that affect farmers' management decisions is necessary. Based on a review of relevant published literature, we developed recommendations to support policy-makers, industry representatives, researchers, veterinarians, and other stakeholders when motivating farmers to adopt best management practices, and to facilitate the development and implementation of voluntary prevention and control programs for livestock diseases. Farmers will make management decisions based on their unique circumstances, agricultural contexts, beliefs, and goals. Providing them with rational but universal arguments might not always be sufficient to motivate on-farm change. Implementation of recommended management practices is more likely if farmers acknowledge the existence of a problem and their responsibility to take action. The perceived feasibility and effectiveness of the recommended management strategy and sufficient technical knowledge further increase the likelihood of adequate adoption. Farmers will also weigh the expected advantages of a proposed change against the expected disadvantages, and these considerations often include internal drivers such as pride or the desire to conform with perceived standards. Extension tools and farmers' social referents (e.g., veterinarians, peers) not only provide technical information but also influence these standards. Whereas mass media have the potential to deliver information to a broad audience, more personal approaches such as participatory group learning or individual communication with farm advisors can enable the tailoring of recommendations to farmers' situations. Approaches that appeal to farmers' internal motivators or that unconsciously elicit the desired behavior will increase the success of the intervention. Collaboration among stakeholders, assisted by social scientists and communication specialists, is necessary to provide a context that facilitates on-farm change and transfers consistent messages across extension tools in the most effective way.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet World

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet World

Title: Veterinary World

Publisher: Veterinary World (India )

ISSN (Print): 0972-8988

ISSN (Electronic): 2231-0916

Publication date (Print): September 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 23 September 2023

Volume: 16

Issue: 9

Pages: 1926-1932

Affiliations

[1 ]Sains Veteriner Doctoral Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

[2 ]Laboratory of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Kalisongo, Malang District, Indonesia

[3 ]Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University; Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

[4 ]Toxoplasma Study Group, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

[5 ]Veterinary Disease Investigation Center, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia

[6 ]The Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia

[7 ]Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omer Al Mukhtar University, Libya

Author notes

Corresponding author: Lucia Tri Suwanti, e-mail: lucia-t-s@ 123456fkh.unair.ac.id Co-authors: MF: mirafkh@ 123456ub.ac.id , MM: mufasirin@ 123456fkh.unair.ac.id , SF: alienafong@ 123456yahoo.co.id , SV: siscavalinata@ 123456gmail.com , DTS: subektididik96@ 123456yahoo.com , FE: fitrineekawasti@ 123456gmail.com , HAAA: hana.2006.kh@ 123456gmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: Vetworld-16-1926

DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1926-1932

PMC ID: 10583878

PubMed ID: 37859950

SO-VID: 34682b74-7172-4ead-9129-b6c21d4dd9f0

License:

Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 05 March 2023

Date accepted : 24 August 2023

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Serological survey of immunoglobulin G from Toxoplasma gondii infection in dairy goats in East Java, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background and Aim:

Materials and Methods:

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Related collections

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Most cited references 32

Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in farm animals: Risk factors and economic impact

Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii : Oocysts in water, soil and food

Invited review: Determinants of farmers' adoption of management-based strategies for infectious disease prevention and control.

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